Exercise Physiology

Name the 3 Macronutrients:

1. __________

2. __________

3. __________

CHO, FFA, CHON

1 kcal: amount of ______ needed to raise 1kg of ___ at __ degrees

Energy, H20, 15

1g CHO _kcal

4

These energy systems and nutrients are used for _____, ______ & ________.

Growth, repair, mobility

Energy sources are stored in form of ____.

ATP

___ & _____ - energy at rest; _____ - building blocks

CHO, FFA, CHON

Exercise - >___ than FFA

CHO

Formation of ___ provides ____ with a means of storing and conserving energy in a ____-energy compound.

ATP, cells, high

Name the 3 elements that form your nutrients:

1. _________

2. ________

3. ________

Carbon dioxide, nitrogen

Carbohydrates are converted into _______ and taken up by _____ & _____-glycogen

Glucose, muscles, liver

_______ is limited to ______kcal (32km run), and stored in cell _______.

Carbohydrates, 2000, cytoplasm

True or False: There are more stores of fat than carbs.

True

Name 2 types of Fats:

1. ________

2. ________

Glycerol, FFA

1g of C16H18O2 is equivalent to _kcal energy.

9

_______ of _______ _______ must be at a controlled rate, and is determined by the choice of fuel.

Rate of Energy release

__% to __% of human energy is degreaded to ____.

60, 70, heat

ATP Production:

ADP Biphosphate, 7.6

____-__ system is the simplest energy system made through ___________, and _______ _____

ATP-PCr, phosphocreatine, creatine kinase

ATP system during a sprint can only supply you for a maximum of __ seconds

15

_________ system is the breakdown (lysis) of glucose converted to ________-6-________

Glycolytic, glucose-6-phosphate

_ moles of ATP for glycogen, _ moles of ATP for glucose

2, 3

True or False: The Anaerobic system produces large amounts of ATP.

False

_________ allow the muscle to generate

_______ ______ involves cellular respiration and occurs in the _________.

Oxidative Phosphorylation, Mitochondria

________ ______ process by which the body __________ fuels with the aid of oxygen to generate energy

Cellular respiration, disassembles

What are the 3 Processes of the Aerobic system

1. ___________

2. ___________

3. ___________

Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, Electron Transport chain

The Electron Transport Chain:

- __ combine with _ coenzymes

- ___ and ___ [Missing Info]

__________ of ___ contributes to muscle’s energy reserve…

Oxidation of Fat

_________ are the main energy sources

Triglycerides

Lipolysis = _______ + ____

Glycerol, FFA

____ diffuses to blood vessels & enter skeletal muscles.

FFA

______ ___________ wherein FFA cleaved into halbes the converted into acetyl CoA.

Beta oxidation

ATP produced from 1 moleculr of palmitic acid:

1. Fatty acid activaiton

2. B oxidation

3. Krebs cycle

Total = ______

-2, 35, 88, 129

The Aerobic system can supply a minimum of __ minutes of physical actiivty

20

____________ is when amino acids is converted into glucose

Gluconeogenesis

_______ __________ is changed to either _______ or ______ ___

Protein metabolism, pyruvate, acetyl CoA

Combustion calorie amounts:

1. Lab combustion - _______ kcal per gram

2. Body combustion - _______ kcal per gram

5.65, 5.20

True or False: Urince collection lasts for 12-24 hour period

True

____ a measure of the muscle’s maximal capacity to use oxygen…

VO2

_______ is the rate in which the body uses energy

Metabolic rate

The minimum amount of energy required to sustain essential physiological functions is called ________.

Basal Metabolic Rate

The primary criterion for measuring VO₂ max is the ________ or peaking of VO₂ despite increasing workload.

Leveling off

If no leveling off occurs, ________ VO₂ is used instead.

Peak

A lactate level of ________ mmol or ________ mg/100 mL of blood or higher indicates VO₂ max attainment.

8-10, 70-80

VO₂ max is considered reached when an individual attains more than ________% of their age-predicted maximum heart rate.

85

A respiratory exchange ratio (RER) greater than ________ is a criterion for VO₂ max measurement.

1.10

_______ activity indicates its ________ ______.

Enzyme, oxidative potential

True or False: The SDH enzyme is directly proportional to its O2 content

True

_____ ____ determines oxidative capacity.

Fiber type

_____ ______ have greater oxidative properties

Slow twitch

______ _____ are better for glycolytic energies

Fast twitch

_________ training enchances oxidative _____.

Endurance, power

Fiber rely heavily on ___ for ___ production

fat, ATP

True or False: Type 1 muscles fibers can become Type 2 while the vice verse CANNOT happen.

True

_________ happens in an insulated airtight chamber where body heat warm the water in which the ______ is recorded.

Direct Calorimetry, temperature

_________ ______ measured using respiratory gases where in gas exchange happens (CO2 and 02)

Indirect Calorimetry

______ amount of O2 used depend on the type of fuel oxidized, measures the amount of __ released (VCO2) & __ (VO2) consumed.

Respiratory Exchange Ration, CO2, O2

______ is the oxygen debt mechanism since O2 is required for work

Post-Exercise Oxygen consumption

In th Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption:

1. Fast component of the curve (Immediate Drop): __ required to rebuild ___ and __

2. Slow component of the curve: _________ tissues

02, ATP, PCR

New Theory:

• __ borrowed [Missing INFO]

________ point at which blood lactate begins to accumulate [Missing INFO]

Lactate treshold

Add the graphs | Before LT (Aerobic) After LT (Anaerobic)

1.5m/s Anaerboic | Oxygen Blood Lactae 4ml moles

Range of thr Activities of Daily Living: _______- ________kcal

1800-3000

True or False: The younger the person the higher BMR this person has

True

A.K.A as the maximal oxygen uptake in the body

VO2 max

True or False: Intensity = O2 consumption unless VO2 max is achieved, oxygen consumption is no longer efficient and body switches to anaerobic respiration.

True

Give 3 causes of Fatigue:

1. __________

2. __________

3. __________

Energy system, accumulation of metabolic by products, fiber contractile mechanisms

Neuromuscular causes of fatigue…

1. Reduced synthesis of ___

2. Hyperactive/hypoactive ________

3. Competitive _______

4. More __+ leakage

Ach, cholinesterase, inhibition, K

Muscle glycogen levels, exercise time, Borg’s rate of perceived exertion (Type 1)

1

True or False: Submaximal exercises uses slow twitch muscle fibers and anaerobic respiration

False

True or False: When you are running uphill you are utilizing fast-twitch muscles while running downhill you use slow-twitch muscles.

True

The amount of fatigue is directly proportional to its __ _______.

pH levels

_______ adaptations: Increased _______ content….

1. Shuttles __ to the _______

2. Gives __ fibers their red color

3. Increases 75-80%

Aerobic, Myoglobin, O2, mitochondria, ST

________ adaptations: ST grows 7-22%

1. Fibers vary according to the sport

2. Critical in events of great power and strength

3. ______ supply increases during endurance training as much as 15%

Muscle, Capillary

______ allow athletes to better tolerate subsuquent demands.

Carbohydrates

__ are close to the mitochondria and have increased ______ for B oxidation

Fats, enzymes