2. Genitourinary Infections

An uncomplicated UTI refers to the invasion of a structurally and functionally __ urinary tract.

normal

A complicated UTI is associated with an underlying condition that increases the risk of infection or failing __.

therapy

Five common conditions that classify a UTI as "Complicated" include poorly controlled diabetes, pregnancy, hospital-acquired infection, __, and renal transplantation.

immunosuppression

UTIs are classified by anatomical location: lower UTI includes urethritis and __.

cystitis

The ascending route of __ flora through the urethra into the bladder is the most common route of infection for bacterial UTIs.

fecal

An essential step in the pathogenesis of UTI in women is colonization of the mucosa of the vaginal __.

introitus

The most common causative organism for acute uncomplicated cystitis is __.

Escherichia coli

__ is the most common organism in sexually active adolescent females.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Organisms often seen in Complicated UTIs but rarely in Uncomplicated UTIs include Pseudomonas, Serratia, and __.

enterococci

The hallmark symptoms of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis include irritative voiding symptoms, suprapubic discomfort, and __ urine.

turbid

In older adults, a UTI might present as confusion, lethargy, anorexia, and __.

incontinence

Relevant physical exam findings for cystitis symptoms include lower abdominal tenderness and absence of CVA __.

tenderness

Typical urinalysis findings for cystitis include pyuria, bacteriuria, and positive __.

nitrites

If WBC casts are found in the urine, this indicates an upper tract infection, specifically __.

pyelonephritis

A urine culture is warranted in cystitis if symptoms persist after treatment, recur in less than __ months, or if complicated infection is suspected.

3

CT scanning without contrast is standard for demonstrating calculi, gas-forming infections, and __.

abscesses

First-line treatment options for non-pregnant women with uncomplicated cystitis include Nitrofurantoin and __.

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

The second-line treatment option for uncomplicated cystitis includes Ciprofloxacin and __.

Levofloxacin

Antibiotics that should NOT be used empirically for cystitis include Amoxicillin or __.

Ampicillin

Managing "recurrent" UTI can involve postcoital prophylaxis, long-term antimicrobial prophylaxis, and vaginal __ cream.

estrogen

Classic signs and symptoms of Acute Pyelonephritis include fever, flank pain, and __ tenderness.

CVA

Criteria for hospital admission for Pyelonephritis include inability to tolerate oral intake and __ vital signs.

unstable

Outpatient treatment regimen for Pyelonephritis includes Ciprofloxacin and __.

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Recommended inpatient empiric treatment for Pyelonephritis includes parenteral therapy with Ceftriaxone and __.

Fluoroquinolone

If persistent symptoms after 3 days of antibiotics for pyelonephritis occur, the next step is to evaluate by __ scan.

CT

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in women is defined as two consecutive clean-catch voided specimens with isolation of the same organism of __ CFU/mL.

≥10⁵

In men, Asymptomatic Bacteriuria is defined as a single clean-catch voided specimen with a single organism of __ CFU/mL.

≥10⁵

Populations that require treatment for Asymptomatic Bacteriuria include pregnant women and patients undergoing __ procedures.

urologic

Pregnant women must be treated for asymptomatic bacteriuria to avoid developing __, which is associated with low birth weight.

pyelonephritis

The first-line treatment for bacteriuria in pregnancy is Nitrofurantoin 100 mg BID for __ days.

5–7

Risk factors for UTI in men include older age with prostate disease and lack of __.

circumcision

Treatment duration for UTI in men is generally __ days using Bactrim or Fluoroquinolones.

7–14

Bacterial prostatitis is treated with Bactrim or __ for 6 weeks.

Fluoroquinolones

Nitrofurantoin and beta-lactams are generally avoided for UTIs in men because they do not achieve reliable __ concentrations.

tissue

Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis is often marked by irritative voiding symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and __.

dysuria

In an older adult, UTI presentation may lack typical fever and instead include signs like __ and lethargy.

confusion

Urine analysis in cystitis may show __, indicating a response to infection.

pyuria

Positive nitrites on urinalysis suggest an infection with __ organisms.

Enterobacteriaceae

Cystitis symptoms such as suprapubic pain and dysuria can be differentiated from other conditions using a pelvic __.

exam

A persistent urinary tract infection may lead to __ testing to assess for possible obstruction.

CT scan

First-line therapy for acute uncomplicated cystitis often involves __ medication regimens.

short-term

Nitrofurantoin and Bactrim are mainstays for treating uncomplicated UTIs in __ adults.

non-pregnant

Emerging resistance to common UTI antibiotics makes susceptibility testing especially important in __ cases.

complicated

Patients should be advised on adequate __ after treatment for a UTI to help prevent future infections.

hydration

A high recurrence rate of UTIs may signal the need for __ prophylaxis strategies.

long-term

Older men experiencing UTIs often require longer treatment durations than __ adults.

younger

In females, the presence of a __ may warrant different therapeutic measures when managing UTIs.

catheter

Escherichia coli is responsible for approximately __% of uncomplicated UTI cases.

75–95

In men with UTIs, the typical first step involves exploring the possibility of __ abnormalities.

prostatic

Frequent UTIs in pregnant women are primarily due to hormonal changes affecting the _ tract.

urinary

Effective management of UTIs includes appropriate antibiotic selection, based on localized __ patterns.

resistance

Chronic UTI patients may benefit from lifestyle changes including increased __ and dietary adjustments.

fluid intake

Understanding the pathogenesis of UTIs involves recognizing the role of __ bacteria in bladder colonization.

fecal

The criteria for diagnosing UTI rely heavily on the presence of __ in urine analysis.

leukocytes

Diagnosis of pyelonephritis often requires imaging studies to check for kidney __ or abscess formation.

obstruction

Knowledge of likely UTI pathogens can guide empirical __ in outpatient settings.

treatment

Detection of nitrites in urine is a strong indicator of potential __ infection.

bacterial

Indwelling urinary devices significantly increase the risk of __ in patients.

complications

In treating cystitis, patient education is essential for reinforcing hygiene and __ practices.

preventive

Immunocompromised patients are at higher risk of developing __ UTIs.

complicated

Elderly patients often present atypically, leading to misdiagnosis of UTIs as __ ailments.

other

Cystitis is primarily an infection of the __ tract characterized by bladder inflammation.

urinary

Presence of renal stones may complicate the treatment of urinary tract __.

infections

Practitioners must stay current on recommendations for UTI management based on __ guidelines.

clinical

The ascending infection route is the hallmark of bacterial __ caused by improper hygiene.

cystitis

Ensuring proper hydration can significantly aid in alleviating UTI __.

symptoms

Women are more predisposed to UTIs due to their __ anatomy and hormonal factors.

urethral

The effectiveness of UTI antibiotics can vary and requires individualized patient __.

consideration

Understanding the common pathogens involved in UTIs is crucial for rational antibiotic __.

prescribing

In children, UTI presentations may include failure to thrive and __.

irritability

Infections caused by E. coli underline the importance of targeted __ interventions.

preventive

Sexual activity is a known risk factor for developing __ infections in young women.

urinary

Ensure recent treatment history is updated to identify __ treatment failures.

previous

Diagnostic imaging recommendations depend on the clinical severity of the __ infection.

urinary

Education regarding proper voiding habits is essential to decrease the incidence of __.

UTIs

Frequent recurrence of UTIs might necessitate __ assessment for underlying conditions.

urologic

Resistance patterns among UTI pathogens evolve, requiring constant updates on __ options.

antibiotic

Guidelines for UTI treatment vary by patient demographics, such as __ and comorbid conditions.

age

Complications arising from untreated UTIs can lead to __ disabilities in patients.

chronic

Initial evaluation for suspected UTIs should include a thorough medical __ and assessment.

history

Treatment adherence in UTI patients can significantly influence the likelihood of __.

recurrence

Providing comprehensive care involves looking beyond immediate symptoms of a UTI to underlying __.

causes

Effective symptom management in cystitis is critical for enhancing patient __ and comfort.

well-being

Female patients may require special consideration for UTI management during __ stages.

pregnancy

Evaluation of catheter-associated UTIs requires a broader perspective on __ care.

nursing

Urinary retention can contribute to increased susceptibility to __ infections.

urinary

Persistence of symptoms post-treatment in UTI cases calls for prompt __ investigation.

further

Education regarding proper antibiotic use can help mitigate the risks of __ resistance.

antimicrobial

Patient follow-up is crucial for measuring the success of UTI __.

interventions

Screening for UTIs in specific populations, such as pregnant women, should follow __ guidelines.

specific

Long-term strategies for UTI management can include lifestyle modifications and __ therapy.

preventive

The social implications of recurrent UTIs extend to quality of __ and emotional health.

life

Management of UTI symptoms must balance efficacy with patient __ considerations.

preference

Particular attention to male UTI patients is important due to their unique __ risk factors.

anatomical

Recognition of atypical UTI presentations—especially in older adults—can aid in timely __.

intervention

Overall, comprehensive understanding of UTI protocols is essential in __ practice.

clinical