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Hyperbole
Definition: An exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally
Purpose: Exaggerate for emphasis on a situation
Example: I’m so hungry that I could eat a horse.
Imagery
Definition: Creates sensory or emotional images in the reader’s mind
Purpose: Allow readers to create mental images and sensory impressions.
Example: The luscious green mountains.
Irony
Definition: The expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous effect.
Purpose: Portray a contrast between appearance and reality. Create humor and suspense.
Example: Amber died after she killed her husband for insurance money.
Jargon
Definition: Special or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.
Purpose: To convey a hidden meaning in a field of work.
Example: He always spoke in legal jargon.
Lending Credence
Definition: To make something seem more credible or probable.
Purpose: A way of acknowledging the validity of an opponent’s viewpoint, even while disagreeing with it.
Example: A discovery lends credence to a theory.
Litotes
Definition: A phrase that utilizes negative wording or terms to express a positive assertion or statement.
Purpose: To state an affirmative without direct use of affirmative wording.
Example: Even though the hike was challenging, it was no small feat to reach the summit.
Logical Fallacies
Definition: Errors in reasoning that make the argument invalid.
Purpose: To make the argument seem more persuasive than it really is.
Example: Ads are filled with logical fallacies to convince people to buy their products.
Logical Reasoning
Definition: Mental activity that aims to arrive at a conclusion in a rigorous way.
Purpose: Enabling readers to critically analyze arguments and assess the validity of claims of nonfiction texts.
Example: She solved the puzzle quickly by using logical reasoning to eliminate bad options.
Loose Sentence
Definition: The principal clause comes first, and subordinate modifiers or trailing elements follow.
Purpose: To state points directly, and then elaborately.
Example: The team celebrated their victory, cheering loudly, waving flags, and hugging22q one another.
Metaphor
Definition: Comparing two things without using like or as.
Purpose: To create a direct comparison between two different things.
Example: That cat is a beanbag.
Metonymy
Definition: Substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant.
Purpose: Add interest, mood, and depth in texts. Makes words more powerful.
Example: The people will decide their fate.
Mood
Definition: Emotional response of a piece of writing.
Purpose: Enrich storytelling.
Example: The dark clouds set a foreboding mood on the entire town.
Motif
Definition: An element or idea that recurs throughout a work of literature and helps develop central themes.
Purpose: To draw reader’s attention to a theme.
Example: The Recurring motif was light and darkness.
Narration
Definition: Action or process of narrating a story
Purpose: To keep audience members engaged.
Example: The narration of the story shifted between many characters which altered the mood often.
Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words that imitate the sounds they describe.
Purpose: To evoke specific noises, suggests movement, and enriches imagery which makes writing more engaging.
Example: The cow says moooooooo.
Paradox
Definition: A statement that appears at first to be contradictory, but upon reflection then makes sense.
Purpose: To arrest attention and provoke fresh thought.
Example: Less is more.
Parallelism
Definition: Repetition of grammatical elements in writing.
Purpose: Create a sense of balance, rhythm, and emphasis in writing.
Example: He likes to go skiing, skating, and bowling.
Periodic Sentence
Definition: A sentence that has been deliberately structured to place the main point at the end.
Purpose: To create an effect of suspense.
Example: Everybody was getting sick of the same “exciting” performance: jumping through the rings of fire.
Personification
Definition: The attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman.
Purpose: To create more vivid descriptions.
Example: The wind danced in the trees.
Point of View
Definition: The narrator’s position in relation to a story being told.
Purpose: Helps readers understand characters’ feelings, actions, and the story’s depth of information.
Example: From the point of view of a monkey is very different from one of a human.
Polysyndeton
Definition: A stylistic device in which several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession in order to achieve an artistic effect.
Purpose: To create rhythm or pace.
Example: The dinner was so good, I ate the turkey, mashed potatoes, stuffing, bread, and beans.
Process Analysis
Definition: Method of detailing and examining the steps involved in a process.
Purpose: Explain to the readers how to do something.
Example: First, you have to … Then, you have to … Lastly, you have to …
Repetition
Definition: Something being said again and again.
Purpose: To emphasize key themes, ideas, or emotions.
Example: I have to practice my times table over and over again.
Rhetorical Question
Definition: A question asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to get an answer.
Purpose: To challenge the listener, raise doubt, and emphasize ideas.
Example: Is this a good idea? I think it is.
Rhetorical Strategies
Definition: Methods used to make messages more engaging and persuasive.
Purpose: To persuade, convince, influence, entertain, impress, or motivate the reader.
Example: Rhetorical strategies like anaphora , alliteration, and alliteration help to make the text more engaging.
Satire
Definition: Use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people’s stupidity.
Purpose: To criticize someone or something.
Example: The artist’s satire poked fun of the political groups.
Simile
Definition: Compares two unlike things using like or as.
Purpose: To create comparisons between different things.
Example: The cat was like a car.
Simple Sentence
Definition: A sentence that consists of only one independent clause.
Purpose: To convey a complete thought with clarity and conciseness.
Example: The cat slept peacefully.
Spin (redefining)
Definition: A form of propaganda that relies on deceptive methods of persuasion.
Purpose: To distort the interpretation of results and mislead readers.
Example: He put a spin on the definition of hard working.
Style
Definition: The way in which an author writes and creates a distinct feel for a work.
Purpose: It discerns writers from each other
Example: Different styles can include the types of sentences and the tone that is created.
Syllogism
Definition: Starts and argument with a reference to something general and it draws a conclusion about something more specific.
Purpose: To create irony or tension
Example: All humans are mortal; Socrates is human; therefore, Socrates is mortal.
Symbol
Definition: A literary device that uses symbols to represent something beyond literal meaning.
Purpose: Produce an impact by adding additional meaning to an action, object, or name.
Example: The dove is a symbol of peace.
Synecdoche
Definition: A literary device that allows for a smaller component of something to stand in for the larger whole.
Purpose: To allow writers to express a word or idea using a different aspect of it.
Example: He asked for her hand in marriage.
Syntax
Definition: The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences.
Purpose: Help reader and writers make sense of sentences.
Example: The poem’s syntax allows for a rhythmic and flowing effect.
Tone
Definition: A literary device that reflects the writer’s attitude toward the subject matter or audience of a literary work.
Purpose: To reveal the author’s attitude towards a subject or topic.
Example: The author incorporates a mellow tone in the chapter.
Voice
Definition: A form or format through which narrators tell their stories.
Purpose: It can create specific atmospheres, convey emotional depth, and establish trust, and develop characters.
Example: The author’s voice in the book is witty and reflective.
