BEW Textbook, Ch.3

Before the French Wars began, Britain's financial strength had funded the __________ in conflicts such as the Seven Years' War.

Royal Navy

The British East India Company had gained control of key areas in __________, ousting the French.

India

Britain regarded naval supremacy as vital to protect overseas territories and __________ routes.

trade

The British navy outnumbered the __________ navy, and late 1800s they were more often rivals and enemies.

French

Horatio __________ proved an aggressive commander whose iconic status influenced British naval strategy.

Nelson

Admiral Nelson was killed in the battle of __________ in 1805, securing British command of the seas.

Trafalgar

The British army's strength rose from about __________ men to about 250,000 by Waterloo in 1815.

40,000

The __________ Act of 1798 was an innovation to help finance the cost of war.

Income Tax

Napoleon could still muster almost a __________ men for the Peninsular War against a British-Portuguese army of little over 100,000.

million

The British government was cautious of risking its military against Napoleon in __________ Europe.

central

The British army was defeated in __________ and low in morale before the French Wars.

America

The __________ War also saw France aiding American rebels in their fight for independence from British rule.

American

The British army faced challenges in the Peninsular War due to the __________ nature of the Spanish army.

unreliable

Britain's financial strength enabled it to fund coalitions with allies such as __________, Prussia and Russia.

Austria

By 1813, Britain had provided £50 million to its allies including £4.6 million loaned to __________, a key ally.

Austria

The Siege of __________ ended with tough conditions for the remaining population, exemplifying the impact of warfare.

Saragossa

The British economy saw __________ in several key sectors, such as coal, iron and textiles, due to the French Wars.

growth

Cotton exports rose dramatically, even to France, where their industry was _______________.

technologically backward

Britain had enough __________ production to prevent mass starvation or food riots during the wartime period.

food

The __________ revolution transformed Britain's agricultural sector, making it more efficient.

Agrarian

In the war period, wage stagnation and rising food prices led many jobless men to join the __________.

army

The __________ Laws introduced in 1815 banned cheaper imports of grain, benefitting farmers.

Corn

Wellington was born Arthur Wellesley and was known for his attention to detail and his ability to pick advantageous __________ locations.

battle

Wellington was involved in the __________ campaigns in Portugal against Napoleon's forces.

Iberian

His military career saw him rise quickly through ranks, ultimately becoming __________ in 1814.

Duke of Wellington

Wellington believed in keeping his army __________ from the land, relying on supply from Britain via navy.

supplied

The __________ of Torres Vedras was a critical fortification built by Wellington to protect the British forces in Portugal.

lines

Wellington's tactics included the use of __________ earth policy, destroying resources to deny them to the enemy.

scorched

French forces were known to be __________ due to harsh weather and guerrilla warfare during the Peninsular War.

harassed

Wellington's army was composed largely of infantry, many of whom used the __________ musket as their standard weapon.

Brown Bess

At the Battle of __________, Wellington was forced to defend against a surprise attack from French forces.

Salamanca

The fiercest battle of the Waterloo campaign was fought on __________ 18, 1815.

June

The strengths of the British at Waterloo were their better use of __________ tactics by Wellington's leadership.

combat

Napoleon's forces faced logistical issues and had to attack __________, causing them delays on the battlefield.

uphill

Nelson's leadership style emphasized aggressive naval tactics and thorough __________ of his crew.

training

The __________ destroyed Napoleon's plans for an invasion of England, solidifying British naval dominance.

Battle of Trafalgar

The British navy had 135 ships of the line in __________ and this number grew significantly by 1802.

1792

The British __________ transported troops and materials, allowing for quick support across their military campaigns.

navy

The naval blockade was critical to cutting off French trade routes and impacting their __________.

economy

As Prime Minister, __________ implemented the first income tax to help finance the war effort.

William Pitt

The French Revolution sparked fears of social reform and unrest which the British government sought to __________.

control

The combination acts were implemented against trade unions to restrict __________ efforts during the war.

labor

The financial impact of the French Wars increased Britain's national __________ significantly.

debt

The __________ introduced in 1807 aimed to further economic warfare against Napoleon by restricting trade.

Order in Council

Britain emerged from the French Wars with an expanded __________ and competitive international influence.

empire

Wellesley's strategies and leadership created a path for future military __________ which were emulated by others.

doctrine

Following the French Wars, Britain saw increasing industrialization fueled by the __________ demands of wartime.

production

Innovations in British agriculture led to an increase in __________ by using new machinery.

efficiency

By 1815, the British economy had expanded thanks to the __________ of colonial trade and wartime production.

growth

The effective military financing allowed Britain to support a satisfactory level of economic __________ during the wars.

performance

Britain feared French aggression, leading to a stronger focus on __________ in international relations.

defense

The British experience during the French Wars solidified its reputation as a global __________ power.

maritime

Naval engagements continued as a vital aspect of British warfare strategy, and __________ served key roles historically in naval victories.

admirals

The end of the French Wars allowed Britain to refocus on its domestic agenda and civil partial __________ restructuring.

society

The aftermath of the French Wars challenged Britain with rising __________ concerns and labor unrest post-war.

economic

Naval power proved indispensable for Britain's military might throughout the French __________ and its aftermath.

Wars

With the advent of the war, new markets emerged for British trade, expanding into __________ and Latin America.

Spain

The pressure of war impacted how society viewed the role of __________ and the government.

industry

Post-war, Britain had to balance between nostalgia for the triumphs of the French Wars and the need for social __________.

reform

The __________ introduced several innovative measures aimed at improving national economic strategy and military efficiency.

government