Physio-Bio Psych | Unit IV to VI | Final Exam Reviewer

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1. Imaging

2. Brain Lesions

3. Brain Disease and Injury

1. Imaging

2. Brain Lesions

3. Brain Disease and Injury

Three Basic Approaches for Localization of Memory

Imaging

It allows one to “see” areas of the brain that are active during specific brain tasks. If a subject is placed in an fMRI scanner and given a memory test, one can determine what areas of the brain are active, and that activity presumably is related to where in the brain the memory is processed and/or stored.

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

fMRI stands for?

Positron Emission Tomography Scan

PET scan stands for?

Hippocampus

Major part of the brain involved in declarative memory function.

Brain Lesions

In this experimental procedure, small parts of the brains of mice or rats are surgically removed or chemically inactivated and the animals are systematically examined to determine whether the lesion affected any memory system.

Brain Disease and Injury

Here scientists take advantage of individuals who have had unfortunate brain injuries, for example, through stroke or through a brain tumor in a specific area of the brain. If one finds a memory deficit in the patient, it is likely that the region of the brain that was injured is involved in that memory.

1. Declarative Memory System

2. Non-declarative Memory System

2 Broad Categories of Memory System

Declarative Memory (Explicit Memory)

System of memory that is perhaps the most familiar. It has a conscious component and it includes the memories of facts and events.

Declarative Memory

Memory for “knowing what”

Non-declarative Memory

Memory for “knowing how”

Non-declarative Memory (Implicit Memory)

Includes the types of memory systems that do not have a conscious component but are nevertheless extremely important. These mamories are for skills and habits.

Priming

A simple form of Associative Learning such as habituation and sensitization

DRM test

This test will present a list of 15 words, then there will be a pause and you will be asked whether you remember some of those words. You have to put your pen down for this test.

James Deese, Henry Roediger, and Kathleen McDermott

Creators of the DRM test

Learning

It is acquisition of skill or knowledge. It occurs you acquire the new skill or knowledge slowly and laboriously.

Memory

It is the expression of what you’ve aquired. It occurs if acquisition occurs instantly.

• Enough Sleep

• Rehearse

• Exercise

• Make use of Mnemonic devices

• Repetition

• Writing

• Meditate

• Eat Healthy Foods

• Socialize

• Avoid Stress

Powerful ways to improve learning and memory

Henry Molaison (H.M.)

He is famous in neuroscience literature because his brain provided major insights into the localization of memory function.

Anterograde Amnesia

A type of memory deficit where the ability to form new memories for facts and events is severely impaired.

Retrograde Amnesia

It refers to loss of old memories.

Amnesia

It is a condition that involves a loss of memory, which can be temporary or permanent. This may affect an individual’s ability to remember past events, recall facts, or learn new information.

• Partial or Total Loss of Memory

• Difficulty Recalling Information

• Impaired Ability to Learn New Informatiom

• Confusion

• Unable to Recognize Faces or Locations

• False memories

• Uncoordinated Movements

• Disorientation

Common Symptoms of Amnesia

Dementia

It is a disease that causes degenerative memory loss, as well as those with the disease suffering from other cognitive issues that do not occur in those with amnesia.

1. Short-term Memory (Working Memory)

2. Long-term Memory

   • Implicit (Non-Declarative)

   • Explicit (Declarative)

3. Sensory Memory

Types of Memory

Short-term Memory

These are thoughts that are temporary, usually lasting between 10 - 30 seconds.

The frontal and parietal lobes are mostly responsible for it.

Long-term Memory

Thoughts that last beyond a minute or longer.

The hippocampus and the temporal lobe are responsible for it.

Sensory Memory

This type of memory lasts for less than a second.

1. Encoding

2. Consolidation

3. Storage

4. Retrieval

Processes Involved in Memory

Encoding

It occurs in the prefrontal cortex where the brain decodes new information. This information of experience is broken down into manageable parts for the rest of the brain to use.

Consolidation

Occurring in the hippocampus, this is where the encoded information is linked to existing memories. this helps to determine where the new information belongs and solidifies the memory.

Storage

This this takes place throughout the cortex; this is when the brain stores the information. The information that gets associated with existing memories gets preserved and retained.

Retrieval

occurs in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and cortex; this is when the brain reactivates the information for use in the future.

• Retrograde Amnesia

• Anterograde Amnesia

• Transient Global Amnesia

• Post-traumatic Amnesia

• Dissociative Amnesia

• Infantile Amnesia

Types of Amnesia

Retrograde Amnesia

A person cannot remember events that occured before their trauma, but they can remember what happend after it.

Anterograde Amnesia

A person with this type of amnesia cannot remember new information. This usually results from brain trauma, such as a blow to the head that causes brain damage. The person will have their full memory from the time before the injury.

Transient Global Amnesia

This is a temporary loss of all memory and, in severe cases, difficulty forming new memories. This is very rare and more likely in older adults with vascular (blood vessel) disease.

Post-traumatic Amnesia

This refers to memory loss resulting from a hard blow to the head, for instance, in a car accident. This is usually temporary, but its duration often depends on the severity of the injury.

Dissociative Amnesia

Have difficulty remembering important information about yourself, such as name, personal history, or family and friends.

Infantile or Childhood Amnesia

Have loss of memories from the first several years of life.

Drug-induced Amnesia

Type of memory loss may occur when you take certain drugs.

Dementia

Characterized by intellectual decline and usually progressive deficits not only in memory but alsi in language, perception, learning and other areas.

Anoxia

Depletion of oxygen levesls that affects your entire brain and lead to memory loss.

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Caused by long-term Alcohol use, it is a brain disorder that leads to progressive memory loss due to inssuficient vitamin B1

True

True or false:
People with amnesia may find it hard to recall memories such as facts, information, and experiences, but they may also have difficulty memorizing new information and imagining the future.

False

True or False:

All people with amnesia forget their whole identity.

True

True or False:

In many cases of amnesia, the memory loss is temporary and will return to normal after a while, but in others, the memory loss can be permanent.

False

True or False:
During an episode of Retrograde amnesia, a person is unable to create new memory, so the memory of recent events disappears.

True

True or False:

The main symptom of transient global amnesia is being unable to create new memories and remember the recent past

1. Benzodiazepines

2. Sedatives

3. General anesthesia

4. Date rape drugs

Enumerate three(3) drugs that can cause amnesia

• Damage to Hippocampus

• Head Injuries

• Alcohol use

• Trauma or stress

Causes of Amnesia

True

True or false:

People who have mild amnesia may experience a diminished quality of life.

• By a neurologist

• Family participation

• Cognitive tests

• Blood tests

How amnesia can be diagnosed?

• Avoid heavy use of alcohol or drugs

• Use protective headgear and wear seatbelts

• Treat infections

• Get your eyes checked

• Stay mentally and physically active

• Eat healthy diet and stay hydrated

How to prevent amnesia?

Brain Lateralization

A view that distinct brain regions perform certain functions

Left Hemisphere of the Brain

Hemisphere associated with language functions such as formulating grammar and vocabulary and containing different language centers

Left Hemisphere of the brain

Where Broca and Wernicke’s area is located

Right hemisphere of the Brain

hemisphere associated with more visuospatial functions such as visualization, depth perception and spatial navigation.

Contralateral Function

meaning that each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.

Hemispheric Lateralization

The idea that each hemisphere is responsible for different functions. Each of these functions is localized either right or left side,

Language Lateralization

The idea that some specialization of function mainly regards in difference in language ability.

Broca’s Area

Part of the brain associated with listening, as understanding words requires articulating them in your head.

Broca’s Aphasia

main symptom is a deficit in spoken and written language production.

Wernicke’s Area

the area of the brain where heard and seen words are understood and words selected for articulation.

Geschwind’s Teritory

The Wernicke’s area contains motor neurons involved in speech comprehension and is surrounded by an area called ____________.

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Symptoms include: inability to understand spoken language, speaking using inappropriate words, and incoherent sentences.

Right Hemisphere

Brain hemisphere which is better at controlling emotional expressions and recognizing emotions and is associated with feelings of negative emotions

Left Hemisphere

Brain hemisphere specialized in dealing with positve emotions

True

True or false:
left hemisphere is lateralized to positive emotions while the right is lateralized to negative ones.

Left brain and Right Brain Theory (Roger W. Sperry, 1960)

Theory that a person can be either right-brained or left brained. This means one side of the brain is dominant.

Apraxia

A condition where a person finds it difficult to coordinate or program motor movements for speaking

• Right-sided weakness

• Difficulty in understanding and expressing language

• Slurred speech

• Difficulty with numbers and dealing logically complex problems

Damage to Left Hemisphere of the brain causes?

• Left-sided weakness

• Difficulty concentrating

• Can’t recall previously learned information

• Fainling to identify problem or create solutions

Damage to Right Hemisphere of the brain causes?

Mood Disorder

is a mental health class that health professionals use to broadly describe all types of depression and bipolar disorders.

• Major depression

• Dysthimia

• Bipolar disorder

• Mood disorder related to onother health condition

• Substance-induced mood disorder

Types of Mood Disorders

Major Depression

Having less interest in usual activities, feeling sad or hopeless, and other symptoms for at least 2 weeks

Dysthimia

This is a chronic, low-grade, depressed, or irritable mood that lasts for at least 2 years.

Bipolar Disorder

This is a condition in which a person has periods of depression alternating with periods of mania or elevated mood.

• Imbalance of Brain Chemicals

• Life Events

• Genetics

Causes of mood disorders:

• Medical History

• Psychiatric Evaluation

How are mood disorders diagnosed?

• Antidepressant and mood stabilizing medicines

• Psychotheraphy

• Famili therapy

• Other therapies (Electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial stimulation)

How are mood disorders treated?

Electroconvulsive Therapy

medical treatment most commonly used in patients with severe major depression or bipolar disorder that has not responded to other treatments. It involves a brief electrical stimulation of the brain while the patient is under anesthesia.

Transcranial (Magnetic) Stimulation (TMS)

targets the activity of nerve cells in your brain, which may help with depression.

True

True or False:
At this time, there are no ways to prevent or reduce the incidence of mood disorders.

Psychological disorder

Used to refer to what is more frequently known as mental disorders or psychiatric disorders. These are patterns of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life. These disorders create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

one of the most widely used systems for classifying mental disorders and provides standardized diagnostic criteria.

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

is characterized by a pattern of behavior, present in multiple settings (e.g., school and home), that can result in performance issues in social, educational, or work settings.

Inattention and Hyperactivity

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Condition in which a person tend to have communication deficits, such as responding inappropriately in conversations, misreading nonverbal interactions, or having difficulty building friendships appropriate to their age.

abnormalities and unevenness in the development of cognitive skills; unusual responses to sensory stimuli; and behavioral difficulties

Conduct Disorders

is characterized by behavior that violates either the rights of others or major societal norms.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

its symptoms go beyond describing temperamental children to those with a severe impairment that requires clinical attention. It is characterized by severe and recurrent temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation.

outbursts and persistently irritable or angry mood

Binge Eating

defined as recurring episodes of eating significantly more food in a short period of time than most people would eat under similar circumstances.

Anorexia Nervosa

primarily affects adolescent girls and young women, is characterized by distorted body image and excessive dieting that leads to severe weight loss with a pathological fear of becoming fat.

Bulimia Nervosa

characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate behaviors such as self-induced vomiting to avoid weight gain.

Intellectual Disabiltiy

involves impairments of general mental abilities that impact adaptive functioning in three domains, or areas; conceptual, social, and practical domain.

Internet Gaming Disorder

People with this condition endanger their academic or job functioning because of the amount of time they spend playing. They experience symptoms of withdrawal when kept from gaming.

Major depressive Disorder (MDD) and the “Bereavement Exclusion”

is a medical illness that affects how you feel, think and behave causing persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities requiring long-term treatment

Mild Neurocognitive Disorder

It describes a level of cognitive decline that requires compensatory strategies and accommodations to help maintain independence and perform activities of daily living.

Hoarding Disorders

is characterized by the persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of the value others may attribute to these possessions.

Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder

is characterized by recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions.

Personality Disorders

are associated with ways of thinking and feeling about oneself and others that significantly and adversely affect how an individual functions in many aspects of life.