AP Human Geography - Unit 2

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Global population

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51 Terms

1

Global population

The total number of people living on Earth, currently estimated at 8 billion.

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2

Key population regions

The majority of the world’s population, two-thirds, resides in South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Western Europe.

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3

Population

The total count of individuals residing in a specified area.

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4

Population distribution

The pattern of where people are located within a geographic area.

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5

Preferred climatic conditions

Ideal environmental conditions characterized by moderate temperatures, sufficient rainfall, and absence of severe weather.

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6

Impact of landforms on migration

The tendency of people to migrate to lower lands for easier access to farming and construction.

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7

Access to water and population distribution

The necessity of having fresh water readily available for survival, influencing where people choose to live.

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8

Economic influences on population distribution

The tendency of people to settle in areas that offer employment opportunities.

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9

Political influences on population distribution

The effect of political dissatisfaction on an individual’s decision to relocate.

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10

Cultural influences on population distribution

Factors like housing, safety, transportation options, and community belonging that affect where people live.

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11

Historical influences on population distribution

Events from the past that have shaped migration patterns and influences on current movement decisions.

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12

Population density

The measurement of how many individuals occupy a specific area of land.

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13

Arithmetic density

The overall number of individuals divided by the total land area, providing a basic measure of population density.

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14

Physiological density

The number of individuals per unit of arable land, indicating how densely populated farmland is.

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15

Agricultural density

The ratio of farmers to the total area of farmland, showing agricultural productivity.

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16

Dependency ratio

A ratio that compares the number of dependents (young and old) to the working-age population.

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17

Sex ratio

The relationship between the number of males and females in a given population.

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18

Age dependency

The demographic ratio of dependents (both young and old) to the working-age population.

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19

Fertility

The capacity of a population to reproduce and give birth to children.

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20

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people in a population.

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21

Total fertility rate (TFR)

An estimate of the average number of children a woman would have during her reproductive years.

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22

Mortality

The frequency of deaths within a population over a specified time period.

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23

Crude death rate (CDR)

The annual number of deaths per 1,000 individuals in a population.

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24

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.

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25

Population pyramid

A graphical representation that shows the distribution of various age groups and sexes in a population.

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26

Rate of natural increase

The rate at which the population grows, calculated by subtracting the number of deaths from the number of live births over a specific period.

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27

Urbanization

The transformation resulting in an increasing percentage of people residing in urban areas compared to rural areas.

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28

Job availability

Regions with abundant job opportunities attract more residents seeking employment.

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29

Political policies affecting birth rates

Government strategies that encourage higher birth rates, such as family-friendly policies and maternity leave.

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30

Environmental factors supporting large populations

Favorable environmental conditions, such as mild climates and ample resources that can sustain larger populations.

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31

Social norms and population growth

Cultural expectations regarding family size that can significantly influence fertility rates.

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32

Malthus's Theory of Population Growth

A theory proposed by Thomas Robert Malthus stating that population grows exponentially while food supply increases arithmetically.

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33

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A framework explaining the transformation of birth and death rates as societies evolve and develop.

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34

Characteristics of Stage 1 of the DTM

Stage 1 is marked by high birth and death rates, resulting in a relatively stable population.

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35

Characteristics of Stage 2 of the DTM

Stage 2 features decreasing death rates alongside high birth rates, leading to population growth.

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36

Characteristics of Stage 3 of the DTM

In Stage 3, birth rates decline as families opt to have fewer children.

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37

Characteristics of Stage 4 of the DTM

Stage 4 is characterized by both low birth and death rates, which stabilizes the population.

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38

Net migration

The balance of people moving into a place versus those leaving it.

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39

Mobility in migration studies

The capacity of individuals to relocate or travel between different locations.

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40

Circulation migration

A form of temporary migration that involves cyclical movement between established locations.

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41

Forced migration

Involuntary relocation of individuals due to dire circumstances like conflict, natural disasters, or persecution.

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42

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Principles derived from demographic studies outlining typical patterns and behaviors of migratory movements.

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43

Push factors

Negative conditions or circumstances that compel people to leave their current location.

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44

Pull factors

Positive conditions or opportunities that attract individuals to move to a new location.

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45

Voluntary migration

Migration that occurs when individuals choose to relocate for improved living conditions or opportunities.

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46

Chain migration

Migration pattern where individuals follow family or community members to a new destination.

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47

Step migration

The process of migrating in stages, often from a smaller to a larger settlement.

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48

Guest worker migration

Temporary migration for employment, often in lower-skilled or labor-intensive positions.

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49

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

A person forced to flee their home due to conflict or disaster but who remains within their home country.

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50

Remittances

Monetary transfers made by migrants to support family members or communities back home.

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51

Brain drain

The emigration of highly skilled and educated individuals seeking better employment opportunities abroad.

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