IBHOA Unit 1A Review

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Columbian Exchange

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65 Terms

1

Columbian Exchange

The two-way exchange of goods, plants, animals, diseases, ideas, and people between the Americas and Europe/Africa

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Mercantilism

  • Economic policy under which a nation accumulates wealth by exporting more goods than it imports

  • Based on the idea that centralized control of the economy was essential to a country’s wealth

  • Belief that the best way to become a stronger nation was to acquire the most wealth

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Navigation Acts

  • British trade laws enacted by Parliament during the mid-1700s that regulated colonial commerce.

  • Kept colonies from competing with mother country

  • 3 criteria:

    • All goods shipped to or from North America had to travel on English ships

    • Any imported goods from Europe had to be processed through an English port

    • Most colonial resources could only be exported to England

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4

Triangular Trade

Three-way pattern of trade that involved England, English colonies in the Americas, and West Africa.

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5

What was America like before 1492?

  • About 10-20 million Native Americans

  • Hundreds of distinctive cultures with a variety of lifestyles finetuned to the geographical features of the region

  • Natural world was transformed by thousands of years of human habitation

  • Colonists encountered communities with deep roots who viewed Europeans as invaders and called upon tradition to defend their homelands

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What was Europe like before 1492?

  • Mostly agricultural —> Feudalism

  • Mostly under Roman Catholic Church —> religious persecution

  • Black Death (14th c.) shrunk population by 1/3 —> shrinking economy

  • Monarchs emerged as seat of power —> supported by a rise in the merchant class

  • Commerce and trade continued to expand during the Renaissance

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What drove exploration and colonization?

Guns, God, Gold, Glory, and Germs

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Age of Exploration (15th to mid-17th century)

  • Portuguese explorers

    • New inventions: caravel, astrolabe

    • Established the Atlantic Slave Trade

  • Christopher Columbus

    • Start of Spanish conquests and Columbian Exchange

    • Destruction of Taino society

  • Amerigo Vespucci

    • Coined term Mundus Novus or New World

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Spanish Colonies

  • Contacts between Spanish and Native people based on conquest

  • Encomienda system

  • Drastic reduction of population

  • Autonomy, local decision-making

  • Intermarriage

  • Mixed-ancestry groups - development of race-based caste system

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Encomienda system

Forced labor of Native people

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Spanish colony social structure

  1. Peninsulares

  2. Creoles

  3. Mestizos and Mulattoes

  4. Natives and Africans

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French Colonies

  • Contact between French and Native people based on commerce

  • Jacques Cartier

  • North Atlantic fishing, hunting, and fur trade

  • Coureurs de bois

  • Best relationship with Native Americans (comparatively)

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Jacques Cartier

  • Commissioned to find Northwest passage

  • Claimed Canada for France

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Coureurs de bois

Fur traders

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Dutch Colonies

  • Contact between French and Native people based on commerce

  • Netherlands (Holland) —> highly commercial and urban

  • Dutch East India Company

  • Henry Hudson 1609

  • Commercial alliance with the Iroquoi Confederacy

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Henry Hudson 1609

  • Settlement of Manhattan island

  • New Amsterdam

  • Hudson Bay

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English Colonies

  • Contact with Natives based on dominating and conquering

  • Colonists and American Indians lived in strictly separate societies

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Frontiers of Inclusion

Allowed the mixing of colonial and native cultures: Spanish and French

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Frontiers of Exclusion

Excluded Native Americans from society because they were no longer needed: English and Dutch

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English reasons for colonization

  • Religious, political, and economic opportunity

  • Changes in the English economy (economic depression)

  • Social changes/religious conflict

  • Competition with Spain and France

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English colonies would offer

  • Bases to raid Spanish ports

  • Markets for English goods

  • Freedom from reliance on Asian trade

  • Relief from overcrowding in English cities

  • Resources that could be extracted for manufacturing

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22

Mercantilism effects

  • Government imposes very strict controls on a colonial economy

  • Individuals free to buy from any country

  • Government does not control the economy but does regulate to make sure everyone participates fairly

  • Individual is free to produce whatever they want

  • Encouragement to buy goods from the mother country

  • Trade with other countries is restricted

  • Free Trade

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23

Middle Passage

The forced transport of enslaved Africans from West Africa to the Americas

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Salutary Neglect

British policy in early 1700s which allowed the colonies virtual self-rule as long as Great Britain was gaining economically

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Join-stock company

A company run by a group of investors that raised capital by selling shares

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Proprietary colony

All land belonged to 1 person/group of people

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Royal colony

Colony administered by a royal governor appointed by the crown

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Headright system

Large plantations given to wealthy colonists in return for transporting labor

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Indentured servitude

Contracted to serve 4-7 years in return for passage to America

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30

House of Burgesses

1st representative colonial assembly in Virginia; early example of colonial self-government

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Bacon’s Rebellion

Rebellion against Virginia governor by frontier colonists; led to increased reliance on African slave labor

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Puritans

Disagreed with Anglican Church’s use of Catholic rituals and traditions; Separatists and non-separatists

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Pilgrims

Puritan dissenters that believed English church was so corrupt they had to separate; settled in Plymouth colony

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34

Mayflower Compact

1st document of self-government in English North America

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35

King Philip’s War

Conflict between Wampanoags, Naragansetts, and other Indian peoples against English settlers

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Society of Friends

Also known as the Quakers, they believed in religious tolerance and pacifism

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37

Mid-Atlantic Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware

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38

New York

  • Formerly Dutch colony of New Netherlands

  • Governor Peter Stuyvesant negotiated transfer to English control, 1664

  • Proprietary colony —> Charles II isued charter to brother, Duke of York

  • Significant cultural and religious diversity

  • Leading trade center

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39

New Jersey

  • Split off from the New York colony in 1665

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40

Pennsylvania

  • Established by William Penn in 1682

  • Proprietary colony

  • Quakers

  • “Holy Experiment”

  • Frame of Government (1682)

    • Religious freedom

    • Civil liberties

    • Elected representation

  • Philidelphia —> became an important colonial port

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Delaware

  • Originally New Sweden

  • Swedish and Finnish settlers

  • Split off Pennsylvania in 1704

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42

New England colonies

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut

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New England colonial geography

  • Poor, thin, rocky soil

  • Short growing season

  • Forested areas

  • Coasts and harbors

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44

Puritans

  • English Reformation

  • Disagreed with Anglican Church’s use of Catholic rituals and traditions

  • Not religiously tolerant

  • Emphasis on enterprise

  • King James I (1603-25)

  • Separatists and Non-Separatists

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King James I

Abandoned religious tolerance (Puritans repressed, persecuted by English government)

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Separatists

Pilgrims; planned to organize “separate” church

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Non-Separatists

Non-Separatists wanted to “purify” church from within

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48

Plymouth Colony

  • Pilgrims (Separatists)

    • Puritan dissenters that believed English church was so corrupt they had to separate

    • Moved to Holland 1609 —> too tolerant

    • Set sail from Plymouth, England on the Mayflower in 1620

  • “Strangers” (1/2 of the group)

    • Secular colonists

    • Merchants, skilled workers, indentured servants, adventurers, and several young orphans

  • Mayflower Compact

  • America

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Mayflower Compact

  • Pledge by the colonists to govern themselves through majority rule

    • 1st document of self-government in English North

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Plymouth Relationship with the Wampanoags

  • Massasoit, the Wampanoag leader, offered assistance

  • Squanto, a translator, taught Plymouth community how to find food

  • Peace agreement —> First Thanksgiving

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

  • Wealthy non-Separatist Puritans granted royal charter to settle Massachusetts Bay

    • Salem - 1st settlement

    • John Winthrop - 1st governor

      • “Model of Christian Charity” (City upon a hill) speech

  • Diversified economy

  • Expansion

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Puritan Life

  • Strict Puritan rules

  • Work ethic

  • Town meetings - male members of the church could vote

  • High levels of literacy

    • Public schools

  • Role of women: subordinate to men

    • Salem Witch Trials (1692) - reflected social tensions and cultural mistrust of women

    • Anne Hutchinson - banished for criticizing Boston ministers for lack of piety

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Rhode Island

  • Roger Williams - banished from Massachusetts for radical teachings

    • Founded settlement of Providence (1636)

  • True religious tolerance

  • American Indians paid for land

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Connecticut

  • Founded by Puritans who considered Massachusetts government too restrictive

  • Hartford - 1st settlement

  • North America’s first written constitution, The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

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New Hampshire

  • Founded 1679

  • Broke off Massachusetts Bay colony

  • More religiously diverse

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56

What was the conflict with the decline of the Puritan Church?

  • Puritans wanted to simply the church from within

  • Puritans required all residents to become members of the church

  • Church and state were not separated, so the church controlled what the government did as well as the everyday lives of the citizens in the colony

  • By the late 17th century, the church feared its citizens were drifting away from the church and becoming more focused on worldly posessions

  • Since the church was losing its control over the people, the church was losing its control in the colonial government

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Outcome of the decline of the Puritan Church

  • Half-Way Covenant

    • This allowed citizens of the colonies to become partial members of the church

    • As a result, these “half-way” church members were allowed the opportunity to participate in the governance of the colony

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What was the conflict between Indians and colonists that challenged Colonial America?

  • The growth of the colonies was a sense of pride to the colonists

  • At first, both sides got along well; however, King Phillip saw the seizing of more and more of Indian land being a threat to their survival

  • The Natives in New England began to fear that they would face the same situation that the tribes in the South (Virginia) had faced

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What were the outcomes of conflicts between colonists and Indians?

  • King Phillip’s War:

    • After nearly a year of fighting, Metacom was killed (his head was put on a stake) and Indian resistances end in New England forever

    • Highlights the constant conflict between English settlers and Indians

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What was the relationship between Natives and colonists?

  • King Phillip’s (Metacom’s) War (1675-1676)

    • Conflict between Wampanoags, Naragansetts, and other Indian peoples against English settlers

    • Reaction to Puritan community spreading from Boston

    • Results: heavy loss of life for Wampanoag; large areas open for English settlement

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What was the conflict with the Salem Witch Trials?

  • The colonies of New England were governed by Theocracy….government enforces God’s laws

  • In 1672, a small group of families created Salem Village because they wanted to form their own church

  • Several members of the church were diagnosed with being under “the Evil Hand”

  • Trials were held for those who were thought to be witches which lead to more people being accused of witchery, many times as a way to settle family fueds

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Outcomes of the Salem Witch Trials

  • Shows weakness in the process of Theocracy

  • Created mass hysteria among the colonists who feared being accused and afflicted

  • Highlighted the growing conflict between church and state

  • 20 people hanged

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Bacon’s Rebellion

  • A turning point in the shift away from indentured servitude

  • Jamestown, Virginia, 1676

  • Nathanial Bacon: wealthy landowner, led a rebellion of former indentured servants, free Africans, and slaves against Virginia Governor

  • Effects: fear of uprising of more indentured servants; Indian tribes pushed further west; planters turned more to African slavery; race-based slave code; cultivation of cash-crops in the South

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Slavery in North American colonies

  • Tobacco colonies of the Chesapeake vs. the Lower South

  • Slavery in the northern colonies

  • Frequent rebellions (ex: Stono Rebellion)

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Emergence of African American culture

  • Enslaved people maintained aspects of their African cultures and resisted their enslavement at every turn

  • Daily life

  • Family structures and marriage

    • Slave codes that denied rights

  • Religion —> Shift to Christianity with the Great Awakening (1760s)

  • Music and dance

  • Dialects (ex: Gullah)

  • 2-way acculturation

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