Biology 108 Quiz 1

studied byStudied by 11 people
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint

isotopes

1 / 205

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Chemistry and Structure of Life

206 Terms

1

isotopes

atoms of an element can differ in number of neutrons

New cards
2

How many bonds does hydrogen have?

1

New cards
3

How many bonds does oxygen have?

2

New cards
4

How many bonds does sulfur have?

2

New cards
5

How many bonds does nitrogen have?

3

New cards
6

How many bonds does carbon have?

4

New cards
7

How many bonds does phosphorus have?

5

New cards
8

carbon atoms are

tetrahedral

New cards
9

Three ways to draw organic molecules

all atoms, all bonds except for hydrogens, all carbons missing (implied) + no hydrogens attached to carbon

New cards
10

How to determine the # of hydrogens attached to a carbon

Count # of lines (= bonds) at each vertex and the # of hydrogens is 4- bonds to carbon

New cards
11

Functional Groups

Hydroxyl, Aldehyde, Keto, Carboxylate, Amino, Phosphate,

sulfhydryl

New cards
12
<p>Type of Compound + Functional Group</p>

Type of Compound + Functional Group

Alcohols, Hydroxyl

New cards
13
<p>Type of Compound + Functional Group</p>

Type of Compound + Functional Group

Aldehydes, Aldehyde

New cards
14
<p>Type of Compound + Functional Group</p>

Type of Compound + Functional Group

Ketones, Keto

New cards
15
<p>Type of Compound + Functional Group</p>

Type of Compound + Functional Group

Carboxylate, Carboxylate

New cards
16
<p>Type of Compound + Functional Group</p>

Type of Compound + Functional Group

Amine, Amino

New cards
17
<p>Type of Compound + Functional Group</p>

Type of Compound + Functional Group

Thiol, Sulfhydryl

New cards
18
<p>Type of Compound + Functional Group</p>

Type of Compound + Functional Group

Organic Phosphates, Phosphate

New cards
19

Electronegativity

attractive force that the nucleus exerts on its electrons

New cards
20

Negative Charge tendency

O, N, CL

New cards
21

Neutral Charge Tendency

H, C, P, S

New cards
22

Positive Charge Tendency

Na, K

New cards
23

With Polar Bonds: O or N are usually bonded to

H, S, C, P

New cards
24

Coulomic is a

non-covalent interaction

New cards
25

cations

positive ion

New cards
26

anions

negative ion

New cards
27

Hydrogens that do not form hydrogen bonds example

amino acids

New cards
28

Coulombic charge to charge interactions

ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds are qualitatively similar ionic positive charge with negative charge

New cards
29

polar is synonyms with

hydrophilic

New cards
30

hydrophilic

water-loving

New cards
31

polar

H-bonds with water

New cards
32

non-polar is synonyms with

hydrophobic

New cards
33

hydrophobic

water-hating

New cards
34

non-polar

not forming h-bonds with water

New cards
35

non-polar substances tend to __ in water

coalesce

New cards
36

coalesce

cluster

New cards
37

hydraphobic effect

when non-polar substances cluster in water

New cards
38

example of hydraphobic effect

oil and water/dressing

New cards
39

Why do the hydrophobic molecules coalesce in water

to maximize strong water-water interactions. To minimize weak water-oil interactions

New cards
40

hydrophobic molecules are a more ___ when coalesce in water

energetically favorable structure

New cards
41

hydrophobic interactions are driven by

maximizing strong water-water interactions

New cards
42

van de Waals interactions

induced dipoles and are greatest when shapes are complimenting

New cards
43

Synonyms for Sugar

carbohydrate and saccharide

New cards
44

sugar is a

macromolecule

New cards
45

monomer form of sugar

Cn(H2O)n, n needs to be greater than 3 total carbons to be considered a sugar

New cards
46

purposes for sugar

energy, metabolic intermediates, structural, other

New cards
47

6 carbon sugar vs 5 carbon sugar

6 carbon is a hexose like glucose while 5 carbon is a pentose like ribose

New cards
48

Most sugar named molecules end in

“ose”

New cards
49

Glucose has multiple forms

straight chain, then a beta-D-glucose or a alpha-D-glucose

New cards
50

straight chain glucose is __ % of forms found in nature

0.02%

New cards
51

Beta-D-glucose is __% of forms found in nature

66%

New cards
52

Alpha-D-glucose is __% of forms found in nature

34%

New cards
53

straight chain ring closure

In a straight chain carbon 5 hydrogen reactions with carbon 1 oxygen to create a ring

New cards
54
<p>this is</p>

this is

ring closure of straight sugar chain

New cards
55
<p>this is</p>

this is

Beta-D-Glucose (ring form)

New cards
56
<p>this is</p>

this is

Alpha-D-Glucose (ring form)

New cards
57

types of sugar polymers

disaccharides, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide

New cards
58

Disaccharides example is

glucose + fructose → sucrose

New cards
59
<p>this is an example of _ and a _ reaction</p>

this is an example of _ and a _ reaction

disaccharides, dehydration

New cards
60

oligosaccharide can have

3-20 monomers

New cards
61

polysaccharide can have

from 3-thousands of monomers

New cards
62

examples of polysaccharides

cellulose: plants linear structural, starch: plants branched sugar storage, glycogen: animals highly branched sugar storage

New cards
63

Types of Lipids

fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids

New cards
64

Types of fatty lipids

saturated, unsaturated

New cards
65

Saturated fatty lipids

solid at room temperature found in animals, example is lard

New cards
66
<p>this is</p>

this is

saturated fatty lipid

New cards
67

the saturated fatty lipid is not _ , the tail/head of the saturated fatty lipid is _ while the rest of the chain is _

kinked, polar/hydrophilic, non-polar/hydrophobic

New cards
68
<p>this is</p>

this is

unsaturated fatty lipid

New cards
69

the unsaturated fatty lipid is _, it requires to have _ , and it is not __

kinked, one or more double bonds with carbon, packed tightly

New cards
70

example of unsaturated fatty acid in nature

at room temp appears as oils (in plants) like palm oil

New cards
71

Triglycerides are

a lipid

New cards
72

ester bond is a

functional group

New cards
73

ester bond

a bond between (acid + alcohol) called fats and oils

New cards
74

triglycerides are a set of

three fatty acids lined up like spoons put on top of each other

New cards
75
<p>this is a _ reaction with __</p>

this is a _ reaction with __

dehydrate reaction, H2O

New cards
76

the triglycerides after the dehydration reaction with H2O is

largely hydrophobic

New cards
77

phospholipids

a glycerol molecule with two fatty acids and one nonpolar/hydrophobic attached to a phosphate which is attached to an organic amine. The phosphate and organic amine is polar/hydrophilic

New cards
78

phospholipids form

bilayers

New cards
79
<p>this is</p>

this is

phospholipid bilayer

New cards
80

large bilayers form

vesicles

New cards
81

large bilayers forming vesicles explains

how cells are developed by phospholipids. Proteins are found on the surface of cells and can interact with phospholipds

New cards
82

Fluid Mosaic Model of membranes

membranes are mostly phospholipids, which move transversely in its layer but does not flip between layers

New cards
83
<p>this is the</p>

this is the

fluid mosaic model

New cards
84

Lipid rafts

“float” in the membrane and contain special lipids to which proteins bind

New cards
85

example of special lipids in lipid rafts

sphingomyelin and cholesterol

New cards
86

sphingomyelin represents a

phospholipid who’s head sticks out and the non-polar tail embeds in the membrane

New cards
87

cholesterol represents a

smaller molecule who’s head is lower but is within the same polar region as the phospholipid head and embeds in the membrane

New cards
88

3 types of proteins in membranes

integral, anchored, peripheral

New cards
89

intergral membrane protein

fits through the bilayer, which is called transmembrane protein

New cards
90

anchored membrane protein

has a covalently attached lipid, which inserts into the membrane

New cards
91

peripheral membrane protein

interacts with either membrane surface or integral protein or anchored protein

New cards
92
<p>the circles with yellow indicate the</p>

the circles with yellow indicate the

peripheral membrane protein

New cards
93
<p>the red circle indicates the</p>

the red circle indicates the

integral membrane protein

New cards
94
<p>the blue circle indicates the</p>

the blue circle indicates the

anchored membrane protein

New cards
95

Cells interact __ requires cell-cell recognition

adhesion

New cards
96

cell uniqueness established by unique cell surface components results in unique cell types like

glycolipids, glycoproteins

New cards
97

glycolipids

carbohydrates covalently linked to lipid

New cards
98

glycoproteins

carbohydrates linked to a membrane

New cards
99

glycolipids and glycoproteins help

cells recognize each other’s individual characteristics such as liver cells versus stomach cells

New cards
100

cell-cell contacts (3 types)

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 8 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 56 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 169 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 6 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 15 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 20 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 73 people
... ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 3 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (25)
studied byStudied by 10 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (70)
studied byStudied by 11 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (45)
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (50)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (37)
studied byStudied by 264 people
... ago
4.0(5)
flashcards Flashcard (60)
studied byStudied by 32 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (174)
studied byStudied by 4 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot