Studied by 11 people
isotopes
atoms of an element can differ in number of neutrons
How many bonds does hydrogen have?
1
How many bonds does oxygen have?
2
How many bonds does sulfur have?
2
How many bonds does nitrogen have?
3
How many bonds does carbon have?
4
How many bonds does phosphorus have?
5
carbon atoms are
tetrahedral
Three ways to draw organic molecules
all atoms, all bonds except for hydrogens, all carbons missing (implied) + no hydrogens attached to carbon
How to determine the # of hydrogens attached to a carbon
Count # of lines (= bonds) at each vertex and the # of hydrogens is 4- bonds to carbon
Functional Groups
Hydroxyl, Aldehyde, Keto, Carboxylate, Amino, Phosphate,
sulfhydryl
Type of Compound + Functional Group
Alcohols, Hydroxyl
Type of Compound + Functional Group
Aldehydes, Aldehyde
Type of Compound + Functional Group
Ketones, Keto
Type of Compound + Functional Group
Carboxylate, Carboxylate
Type of Compound + Functional Group
Amine, Amino
Type of Compound + Functional Group
Thiol, Sulfhydryl
Type of Compound + Functional Group
Organic Phosphates, Phosphate
Electronegativity
attractive force that the nucleus exerts on its electrons
Negative Charge tendency
O, N, CL
Neutral Charge Tendency
H, C, P, S
Positive Charge Tendency
Na, K
With Polar Bonds: O or N are usually bonded to
H, S, C, P
Coulomic is a
non-covalent interaction
cations
positive ion
anions
negative ion
Hydrogens that do not form hydrogen bonds example
amino acids
Coulombic charge to charge interactions
ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds are qualitatively similar ionic positive charge with negative charge
polar is synonyms with
hydrophilic
hydrophilic
water-loving
polar
H-bonds with water
non-polar is synonyms with
hydrophobic
hydrophobic
water-hating
non-polar
not forming h-bonds with water
non-polar substances tend to __ in water
coalesce
coalesce
cluster
hydraphobic effect
when non-polar substances cluster in water
example of hydraphobic effect
oil and water/dressing
Why do the hydrophobic molecules coalesce in water
to maximize strong water-water interactions. To minimize weak water-oil interactions
hydrophobic molecules are a more ___ when coalesce in water
energetically favorable structure
hydrophobic interactions are driven by
maximizing strong water-water interactions
van de Waals interactions
induced dipoles and are greatest when shapes are complimenting
Synonyms for Sugar
carbohydrate and saccharide
sugar is a
macromolecule
monomer form of sugar
Cn(H2O)n, n needs to be greater than 3 total carbons to be considered a sugar
purposes for sugar
energy, metabolic intermediates, structural, other
6 carbon sugar vs 5 carbon sugar
6 carbon is a hexose like glucose while 5 carbon is a pentose like ribose
Most sugar named molecules end in
“ose”
Glucose has multiple forms
straight chain, then a beta-D-glucose or a alpha-D-glucose
straight chain glucose is __ % of forms found in nature
0.02%
Beta-D-glucose is __% of forms found in nature
66%
Alpha-D-glucose is __% of forms found in nature
34%
straight chain ring closure
In a straight chain carbon 5 hydrogen reactions with carbon 1 oxygen to create a ring
this is
ring closure of straight sugar chain
this is
Beta-D-Glucose (ring form)
this is
Alpha-D-Glucose (ring form)
types of sugar polymers
disaccharides, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide
Disaccharides example is
glucose + fructose → sucrose
this is an example of _ and a _ reaction
disaccharides, dehydration
oligosaccharide can have
3-20 monomers
polysaccharide can have
from 3-thousands of monomers
examples of polysaccharides
cellulose: plants linear structural, starch: plants branched sugar storage, glycogen: animals highly branched sugar storage
Types of Lipids
fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids
Types of fatty lipids
saturated, unsaturated
Saturated fatty lipids
solid at room temperature found in animals, example is lard
this is
saturated fatty lipid
the saturated fatty lipid is not _ , the tail/head of the saturated fatty lipid is _ while the rest of the chain is _
kinked, polar/hydrophilic, non-polar/hydrophobic
this is
unsaturated fatty lipid
the unsaturated fatty lipid is _, it requires to have _ , and it is not __
kinked, one or more double bonds with carbon, packed tightly
example of unsaturated fatty acid in nature
at room temp appears as oils (in plants) like palm oil
Triglycerides are
a lipid
ester bond is a
functional group
ester bond
a bond between (acid + alcohol) called fats and oils
triglycerides are a set of
three fatty acids lined up like spoons put on top of each other
this is a _ reaction with __
dehydrate reaction, H2O
the triglycerides after the dehydration reaction with H2O is
largely hydrophobic
phospholipids
a glycerol molecule with two fatty acids and one nonpolar/hydrophobic attached to a phosphate which is attached to an organic amine. The phosphate and organic amine is polar/hydrophilic
phospholipids form
bilayers
this is
phospholipid bilayer
large bilayers form
vesicles
large bilayers forming vesicles explains
how cells are developed by phospholipids. Proteins are found on the surface of cells and can interact with phospholipds
Fluid Mosaic Model of membranes
membranes are mostly phospholipids, which move transversely in its layer but does not flip between layers
this is the
fluid mosaic model
Lipid rafts
“float” in the membrane and contain special lipids to which proteins bind
example of special lipids in lipid rafts
sphingomyelin and cholesterol
sphingomyelin represents a
phospholipid who’s head sticks out and the non-polar tail embeds in the membrane
cholesterol represents a
smaller molecule who’s head is lower but is within the same polar region as the phospholipid head and embeds in the membrane
3 types of proteins in membranes
integral, anchored, peripheral
intergral membrane protein
fits through the bilayer, which is called transmembrane protein
anchored membrane protein
has a covalently attached lipid, which inserts into the membrane
peripheral membrane protein
interacts with either membrane surface or integral protein or anchored protein
the circles with yellow indicate the
peripheral membrane protein
the red circle indicates the
integral membrane protein
the blue circle indicates the
anchored membrane protein
Cells interact __ requires cell-cell recognition
adhesion
cell uniqueness established by unique cell surface components results in unique cell types like
glycolipids, glycoproteins
glycolipids
carbohydrates covalently linked to lipid
glycoproteins
carbohydrates linked to a membrane
glycolipids and glycoproteins help
cells recognize each other’s individual characteristics such as liver cells versus stomach cells
cell-cell contacts (3 types)
tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
Note 
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