AP World History: Modern Unit 5 (5.6-5.10) Study Guide

Forced opening of Japanese markets (Meiji Restoration)

The forcible "opening up" of Japanese markets to the West, which led to the Meiji Restoration influenced Fukuzawa's views

Meiji-Era political reforms - examples

Abolished feudalism, established constitutional monarchy, established equality before the law, abolished cruel punishments, reorganized military, created a new school system expanding educational opportunities, built railroads & roads, subsidized industrialization

The European factory workforce (gender and age)

Skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued to perform mostly unskilled factory work

Negative social effects of capitalism

Working conditions served as inspiration for those arguing that the negative social effects of capitalism should be alleviated by enacting factory regulations

Responses to the spread of global capitalism

The formulation of alternative visions of society in response to the spread of global capitalism

Examples of increase in the living standards of industrial workers

The increased supply of inexpensive consumer goods

Coal industry pollution

Industrial towns during late 19th century were choked by toxic air pollution produced by coal-burning factories, with smog from factories causing deadly respiratory problems

Japan's economic and political power after the Meiji Restoration

The Meiji reforms in Japan resulted in a shift of power away from regional lords and to the emperor

Japan and the Soviet Union's industrialization - similarities

Industrialization in both countries was achieved largely through state direction rather than through private initiative

Marx's views on the development and spread of global capitalism

Understood in the context of a movement to articulate an alternative vision of society

Japan opening itself to trade and westernization (how it did this)

The Japanese showed their mastery of Western technology, dress and military bearing in its war with China. Western states (US, Matthew Perry) forced Japan to open to trade

Social tensions in the Ottoman Empire from westernization

Social tensions existed between traditionalists who argued for strict adherence to traditional Islamic social values and reformists who argued for adopting Western values

Meiji reforms and industrialization

Government-sponsored industrialization as part of the Meiji reforms in late 19th/early 20th century led to developments depicted in map 2

Meiji reforms - political and cultural changes

Cultural changes accompanying greater contact with the United States are exemplified by the image from Japan during the Meiji Restoration. Political power shifted from the shogun to the emperor

Ottoman responses/challenges to reform

They made efforts to reform the government despite considerable internal opposition

The development of Marxism and Leninism

Only Lenin argued that the workers' revolution would have to be led by professional revolutionaries

Fall of Tokugawa shogunate and rise of Meiji government

Caused by pressure from Western powers

Industrialization in Russia and Japan

Rapid, state sponsored industrialization had occurred in both countries. Industrialization in Russia most closely resembled Japan during the Meiji Restoration

Chinese self-strengthening movement

The Chinese government's attempt to reform the economy through self-strengthening

Social consequence of industrialization

The creation of a wage-earning working class concentrated in urban areas

Solutions to the exploitation of industrial laborers

Sufficient wages for factory workers to live full, comfortable lives

Modernizing the Ottoman Empire- reasons

They attempted to reform and modernize because of industrial states expanding

Sunni's views on Ottoman modernization

Sunni religious elites within the Ottoman government opposed modernization

The Qing Empire-Opium War and industrial reforms

China was humiliated by Europeans through the Opium War and the split into "spheres of influence." In the 20th century, China shook off foreign domination and briefly became a republic. The traumatic 19th century made the central government too weak to promote industrialization for decades

Russia and socialism

Purpose of the statement is to argue that Russia is ripe for a socialist revolution, despite being less industrialized than other European countries

Japan resisting imperialist encroachments

The willingness of Japan's elite to sponsor reform helped Japan resist imperialist encroachments

Economic development of Japan and Russia

Both countries industrialized, with the state playing an important role in the process

Meiji Restoration internal reforms

Included the modernization of Japan's military

The industrialization of Japan and their foreign policies with neighboring Asian states

Industrialization of Japan led to Japan adopting a policy of imperial expansion that sought to take advantage of the political and military weakness of neighboring Asian states

Confucian notion of the dynastic cycle in Qing China

Analysis of the situation in China in 1854 was likely influenced by the Confucian notion of the dynastic cycle in Qing China

Taiping rebellion - Qing China

Purpose of listing the policies of the current Qing Emperor is to mobilize popular support by showing that the Taiping rebellion does not represent a legitimate challenge to Qing rule

Opposition to industrialization - which states

Government officials in both Qing China and the Ottoman empire led opposition to industrialization

The Japanese resistance to foreign penetration and domination

The Japanese successfully resisted foreign penetration and domination from 1650 to 1850

Effects of economic innovative practices in banking and finance and transnational businesses

More large transnational businesses relied on these economic, innovative practices, which were provided by the global nature of trade and production

Arguments made by laissez-faire economists on monopolistic practices

The monopolistic practices of government-chartered joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company distorted market competition and hurt consumers

Identify ONE nineteenth-century ideology that likely influenced the various forms of political activism referred to in Source 1.

Feminism. The ideology of feminism would spread among women during this time as they were paid lower wages than men and worked and lived in dirty conditions, leading to women eventually gaining more rights through their political activism.

Explain ONE economic process in the nineteenth century that accounts for the changes in the lives of working women as described in the two passages.

Working-class and middle-class women started working in factories and mines. The transition from women serving their husbands to leaving their house to work for a small salary was the result of the need to support their family with income to pay off expenses.

Explain one way in which the authors focus on different aspects of the experience of women in the nineteenth century.

Women's jobs were both segregated and restricted. With skilled men forming the primary workforce, women often formed a flexible workforce as they entered labor markets, served men as assistants, and held jobs with little authority as these were not wanted by men and required less skill and training.

Identify and explain ONE way in which industrialization in the period circa 1750-1900 can be considered an economic turning point in global history.

It caused the disassociation with wealth and land. As industrialists and owners of large corporations overtook the landed aristocracy in wealth and power, owning lots of land no longer equated to being wealthy by default as one now needed to engage in business with factories to achieve large wealth.

Identify and explain ONE way in which industrialization in the period circa 1750-1900 can be considered a political turning point in global history.

It fueled imperialist expansion. Through imperialist expansion, numerous regions in Asia, including China, were soon occupied by European powers, leading to the Chinese Imperial Order ultimately collapsing in China's case.

Identify and explain ONE way in which industrialization in the period circa 1750-1900 can be considered a social turning point in global history.

The introduction of factories and widespread hiring of factory workers in Europe and the U.S., leading to social change in favor of factory workers. This resulted in new laws being passed in industrial countries, including a set minimum wage, establishment of labor unions, and factory regulations.

Identify ONE way in which class divisions affected the development of industrialized states in the period 1750-1900.

It led to factory owners paying workers low wages while providing poor working conditions. As a result of these developments, the working class would unite and form labor unions, helping to improve the lives of workers through methods such as winning minimum wage laws and causing regulations on factories to be enforced to ensure safe conditions for workers.

Identify ONE way in which class divisions affected the development of non-industrialized states in the period 1750-1900.

It widened the social and economical gap between classes. As a result of this widening gap, the new industrial working class became poorer and weaker in power while other classes that benefited from capitalism saw their wealth and power majorly increase.

Explain ONE similarity in the way that both industrialized and non-industrialized states sought to reduce tensions caused by class divisions in the period 1750-1900.

Social and economic reform movements were used to reduce tensions. Through these reform movements, tensions were able to be reduced as labor legislation was written into law in industrialized countries, while in nonindustrialized countries, slaves and serfs were emancipated, being freed from slavery and serfdom there.

Reasons for women and children working in factories

They supported the welfare of a family & factories paid them less than skilled men, NOT because they worked longer hours

New group identities of the working class

Became known as blue collar workers since they did hard labor for low wages

How European industrialization affected European women's lives

Married woman found it increasingly difficult to balance way to work and family responsibilities

LEQ 1 Thesis

Reforms led to creation of labor legislation. Reforms failed to ensure equal rights of women with men. Reforms helped improve education

LEQ 1 Context

19th century: Industrialization started in England & diffused in Europe & to the US. Industrialized countries changed from mercantilist to capitalist economies. As capitalism rose, Karl Marx created socialism as an ideal to refute capitalism citing that the unethical bourgeoise exploited proletariat. Factories emerged in industrial cities with low wages and poor conditions for workers. Developments led to launch of reform movements in industrial society to enact political & social changes

LEQ 1 Body 1

Labor unions & new laws helped establish minimum wage and limit working hours. Allowed workers to receive sufficient wage to live full, comfortable lives. Factory regulations pushed by labor unions became enforced by government. Regulations ensured both safe working & living conditions to keep workers safe & fit

LEQ 1 Body 2

Women received lower wages than men. Proves flagrant gender inequality as men received higher wages than women despite holding same jobs in various instances. Women still lacked suffrage unlike most men, showing that reforms didn't result in men & women having equal rights, with more men also receiving voting rights during this time

LEQ 1 Body 3

Meiji Restoration led to creation of new school system. New school system helped boost education by expanding educational opportunities, especially those in the technical field. Child labor banned in industrial societies. Hazardous environments deterred children from working, instead encouraging them to pursue an education

LEQ 2 Thesis

Meiji Restoration helped Japan grow economically. Ottoman stagnated economically as they couldn't modernize while other industrial states became more modern and advanced. Qing China's efforts to industrialize failed after suffering multiple crises

LEQ 2 Context

Ottoman Empire earned reputation of "sick man of Europe" as they were agrarian, lost lots of land, and suffered from other various problems, causing economic decline. Europeans humiliating China twice and massive Taiping Uprising weakened Qing Dynasty central government to the point that they could no longer promote industrialization. China suffering from various crises at hands of Europeans led to Japan needing to adapt Western tech, leading to Meiji Restoration. Meiji Restoration helped transform Japan's economy as they were able to industrialize while still retaining their cultural traditions. Developments caused introduction of industrialization to Asia, leading to various economic changes in the continent

LEQ 2 Body 1

Industrialization subsidized through Meiji Reforms, particularly in key industries such as tea and silk. Helped Japan's economy flourish and led to them becoming major trading partners with Europe. Government introduced high agricultural tax to fund Meiji Reforms. Taxes proved to be good investment as they stimulated rapid economic growth and provided revenue for Japanese bureaucracy

LEQ 2 Body 2

Europeans achieved direct oceanic access to Asia. Resulted in earlier centrality of Ottoman lands in Afro-Eurasian commerce diminishing while inhibiting industrialization. Cheap European manufactured goods spread to Ottoman Empire. Competition from cheap European manufactured goods contributed to Ottoman share in trade market waning, causing them to fail to raise necessary revenue and industrialize

LEQ 2 Body 3

Taiping Uprising became massive Chinese rebellion against Qing Dynasty between 1850 and 1864. Devastation and destruction caused by Taiping Uprising disrupted and weakened China's economy and government. Opium Wars between Western Powers and China broke out after they attempted to restrict foreign opium imports. China suffered serious economic problems that inhibited their modernization efforts after they had to pay large amounts of silver to Western Powers after they lost Opium Wars