Unit 1 Chapter 1 Study Guide APMWH (copy)

Factors Affecting Development During the Mongol Empire

• Geographical Barriers: The vast deserts and mountain ranges hindered trade routes and communication, isolating regions and limiting cultural exchange.

• Political Fragmentation: The existence of numerous small states and tribal conflicts prevented the establishment of unified governance, impacting stability and development.

• Resource Scarcity: Limited arable land and water resources constrained agricultural productivity, affecting food security and economic growth.

• Cultural Preservation vs. Innovation: A strong emphasis on traditional practices often inhibited technological progress and adaptation to changing circumstances.

Religions of the Turkish peoples

Various belief systems practiced by Turkish ethnic groups, including Islam and shamanism.

Sultan

A title of authority in Islamic states, often used to denote a ruler or king.

Tughril Beg

A prominent leader of the Seljuk Turks who founded the Seljuk Empire.

Tamerlane

A Central Asian conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in the late 14th century.

Osman

The founder of the Ottoman Empire, which emerged in the late 13th century.

Hulegu

A Mongol ruler and grandson of Chinggis Khan, known for his conquest of Persia.

Mahmud of Ghazni

An Afghan ruler known for his invasions of India and the establishment of the Ghaznavid Empire.

Chaghatai

A division of the Mongol Empire, named after Chaghatai Khan, the second son of Chinggis Khan, central asia

Chinggis Khan

The founder of the Mongol Empire, known for uniting the Mongol tribes and expanding the empire across Asia.

Ilkhanate

A division of the Mongol Empire that ruled over Persia and parts of the Middle East.

Kublai Khan

The grandson of Chinggis Khan and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China.

Golden Horde

A Mongol khanate that ruled over parts of Russia and Eastern Europe.

Kamikaze

"Divine winds" in Japanese, referring to typhoons that destroyed invading fleets, notably during the Mongol invasions of Japan.

Ibn Battuta

A Moroccan explorer and traveler known for his extensive journeys across the Islamic world and beyond, served as a qadi

Khanbaliq

The capital city of the Yuan Dynasty, located in present-day Beijing.

Marco Polo

A Venetian merchant and explorer who traveled extensively in Asia and documented his experiences.

Samarkand

A major city in Central Asia, known for its historical significance and as a cultural center.

Karakorum

The capital of the Mongol Empire during the reign of Chinggis Khan.

Ilkhan Ghazan

A ruler of the Ilkhanate known for his conversion to Islam and efforts to promote the religion.

The Delhi Sultanate

A series of Muslim dynasties that ruled over parts of India from the 13th to the 16th centuries.

The Mongol Empire’s extent

The vast territorial reach of the Mongol Empire at its height, covering large parts of Asia and Europe.

Ilkhanate of Persia trade

grounded to a halt after change in currency

Trade during the Mongol domination

Trade was increased due to their experience with long distance trade and traveling merchants were protected

How the Mongols brought about greater integration

Long distance trade and it’s effects

Kumiss

A traditional fermented dairy drink made from mare's milk, popular among nomadic peoples.

Yurts

Portable, tent-like dwellings used by nomadic peoples in Central Asia.

The rise of Chinggis Khan

In the early 13th century, a young warrior named Temüjin began to consolidate power by forming alliances and defeating rival clans. After the death of his father, he faced numerous challenges, including betrayal and captivity. However, through strategic marriages and military prowess, he united the Mongol tribes. In 1206, he was proclaimed the supreme ruler, adopting a title that symbolized his authority over the vast steppes of Central Asia.

Size of the Mongol army

In the early 13th century, Genghis Khan led an army that is estimated to have consisted of around 100,000 to 200,000 soldiers.

Mongol rule in China

They wanted to maintain strict separation from the Chinese by not allowing intermarriage, Chinese learning mongol language, and getting administrators from other places.

Government under Chinggis Khan

Established a merit-based system where positions were assigned based on skill rather than nobility

Kublai Khan's military pursuits

The first invasion was thwarted by storms, known as "kamikaze," which destroyed much of the fleet. Despite setbacks, he successfully conquered the Song Dynasty in China. Did not conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java.

Mongol naval campaign against Japan

The failed attempts by the Mongols to invade and conquer Japan during the 13th century.

What did the environment of Central Asia not allow?

Rainfall was too little to support large scale agriculture

Manzikert

A significant battle in 1071 where the Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantine Empire, leading to Turkish settlement in Anatolia.

The Yuan Dynasty

The dynasty established by Kublai Khan that ruled over China from 1271 to 1368.

Nomadic peoples military might

Very strong due to advanced cavalry.

Political power of the khans

Very influential due to beliefs that they were incarnations of God.

The Turkish people as a homogenous group

They never formed a single homogenous group

When did the Mongol states collapse?

The period during which the various Mongol khanates disintegrated, primarily in the 14th and 15th centuries.

What was the class structure of nomadic societies like?

Very fluid, anyone could raise to a noble or fall to a commoner.

Noble Class

Usually hereditary or through merit system

Which of the following did NOT act as a limitation on the development of Central Asian societies ?

A lack of trading opportunities

In 1055, the Saljuq Turkish leader Tughril Beg..

recognized as sultan by the Abbasid caliph

The political power of the Khans was based on..

indirect rule through the leaders of allied tribes

The noble class, in nomadic society..

was fluid, with many opportunities for rising and falling

The earliest religion of the Turkish peoples was

Shamanistic

By the thirteenth century, the Delhi sultans

claimed authority over all of Northern India

In an effort to strengthen the mongol fighting forced, Chinggis Khan..

formed new military units with no tribal affiliations

The chaghatai khans ruled

Central Asia

In their writings documenting their travels, both Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta most reflect

observations prejudiced by their own cultural biases

Travels, like those depicted in the map, led most directly to

increases in agricultural diversity and the spread of disease