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Factors Affecting Development During the Mongol Empire
Geographical Barriers: The vast deserts and mountain ranges hindered trade routes and communication, isolating regions and limiting cultural exchange.
Political Fragmentation: The existence of numerous small states and tribal conflicts prevented the establishment of unified governance, impacting stability and development.
Resource Scarcity: Limited arable land and water resources constrained agricultural productivity, affecting food security and economic growth.
Cultural Preservation vs. Innovation: A strong emphasis on traditional practices often inhibited technological progress and adaptation to changing circumstances.
Religions of the Turkish peoples
Various belief systems practiced by Turkish ethnic groups, including Islam and shamanism.
Sultan
A title of authority in Islamic states, often used to denote a ruler or king.
Tughril Beg
A prominent leader of the Seljuk Turks who founded the Seljuk Empire.
Tamerlane
A Central Asian conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in the late 14th century.
Osman
The founder of the Ottoman Empire, which emerged in the late 13th century.
Hulegu
A Mongol ruler and grandson of Chinggis Khan, known for his conquest of Persia.
Mahmud of Ghazni
An Afghan ruler known for his invasions of India and the establishment of the Ghaznavid Empire.
Chaghatai
A division of the Mongol Empire, named after Chaghatai Khan, the second son of Chinggis Khan, central asia
Chinggis Khan
The founder of the Mongol Empire, known for uniting the Mongol tribes and expanding the empire across Asia.
Ilkhanate
A division of the Mongol Empire that ruled over Persia and parts of the Middle East.
Kublai Khan
The grandson of Chinggis Khan and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China.
Golden Horde
A Mongol khanate that ruled over parts of Russia and Eastern Europe.
Kamikaze
"Divine winds" in Japanese, referring to typhoons that destroyed invading fleets, notably during the Mongol invasions of Japan.
Ibn Battuta
A Moroccan explorer and traveler known for his extensive journeys across the Islamic world and beyond, served as a qadi
Khanbaliq
The capital city of the Yuan Dynasty, located in present-day Beijing.
Marco Polo
A Venetian merchant and explorer who traveled extensively in Asia and documented his experiences.
Samarkand
A major city in Central Asia, known for its historical significance and as a cultural center.
Karakorum
The capital of the Mongol Empire during the reign of Chinggis Khan.
Ilkhan Ghazan
A ruler of the Ilkhanate known for his conversion to Islam and efforts to promote the religion.
The Delhi Sultanate
A series of Muslim dynasties that ruled over parts of India from the 13th to the 16th centuries.
The Mongol Empire’s extent
The vast territorial reach of the Mongol Empire at its height, covering large parts of Asia and Europe.
Ilkhanate of Persia trade
grounded to a halt after change in currency
Trade during the Mongol domination
Trade was increased due to their experience with long distance trade and traveling merchants were protected
How the Mongols brought about greater integration
Long distance trade and it’s effects
Kumiss
A traditional fermented dairy drink made from mare's milk, popular among nomadic peoples.
Yurts
Portable, tent-like dwellings used by nomadic peoples in Central Asia.
The rise of Chinggis Khan
In the early 13th century, a young warrior named Temüjin began to consolidate power by forming alliances and defeating rival clans. After the death of his father, he faced numerous challenges, including betrayal and captivity. However, through strategic marriages and military prowess, he united the Mongol tribes. In 1206, he was proclaimed the supreme ruler, adopting a title that symbolized his authority over the vast steppes of Central Asia.
Size of the Mongol army
In the early 13th century, Genghis Khan led an army that is estimated to have consisted of around 100,000 to 200,000 soldiers.
Mongol rule in China
They wanted to maintain strict separation from the Chinese by not allowing intermarriage, Chinese learning mongol language, and getting administrators from other places.
Government under Chinggis Khan
Established a merit-based system where positions were assigned based on skill rather than nobility
Kublai Khan's military pursuits
The first invasion was thwarted by storms, known as "kamikaze," which destroyed much of the fleet. Despite setbacks, he successfully conquered the Song Dynasty in China. Did not conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java.
Mongol naval campaign against Japan
The failed attempts by the Mongols to invade and conquer Japan during the 13th century.
What did the environment of Central Asia not allow?
Rainfall was too little to support large scale agriculture
Manzikert
A significant battle in 1071 where the Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantine Empire, leading to Turkish settlement in Anatolia.
The Yuan Dynasty
The dynasty established by Kublai Khan that ruled over China from 1271 to 1368.
Nomadic peoples military might
Very strong due to advanced cavalry.
Political power of the khans
Very influential due to beliefs that they were incarnations of God.
The Turkish people as a homogenous group
They never formed a single homogenous group
When did the Mongol states collapse?
The period during which the various Mongol khanates disintegrated, primarily in the 14th and 15th centuries.
What was the class structure of nomadic societies like?
Very fluid, anyone could raise to a noble or fall to a commoner.
Noble Class
Usually hereditary or through merit system
Which of the following did NOT act as a limitation on the development of Central Asian societies ?
A lack of trading opportunities
In 1055, the Saljuq Turkish leader Tughril Beg..
recognized as sultan by the Abbasid caliph
The political power of the Khans was based on..
indirect rule through the leaders of allied tribes
The noble class, in nomadic society..
was fluid, with many opportunities for rising and falling
The earliest religion of the Turkish peoples was
Shamanistic
By the thirteenth century, the Delhi sultans
claimed authority over all of Northern India
In an effort to strengthen the mongol fighting forced, Chinggis Khan..
formed new military units with no tribal affiliations
The chaghatai khans ruled
Central Asia
In their writings documenting their travels, both Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta most reflect
observations prejudiced by their own cultural biases
Travels, like those depicted in the map, led most directly to
increases in agricultural diversity and the spread of disease
Note 
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