exam 1 developmental

controlled rearing study

Known as deprivation study, a study method which controls how subjects are raised or will study a subject that has been raised in a controlled environment. An example -- Gene: raised in extreme deprivation.

first developmental study

Debate between egyot and phrygia, take away talking and see what language they speak first, cut out parents toungues, they said bekos which is phrygian for bread
(language deprivation)

naturalistic controlled rearing study ( deprivation)

Cataract patients who arent able to get the procedure until late in life

child abuse controlled rearing studies

Genie- deprived of social interaction until discovered by social workers at 16
oksana- raised by dogs, acts like an animal

aristotle

NURTURE- believed that knowledge is gained through exprierence

plato

NATURE- knowledge is innate, strict disciplione and self control always

The Dark Ages of Development (Pre-Modern Europe)

children raised like adults

enlightenment period

nature vs nurture debates

LOCKE

tabula rasa (ALL NURTURE)

rousseau

NATURE all kids are good learn through intereactions

research foundations

developmental research , spraked by child labor
child labor- angry children affect development

reform

child labor laws, earl of shaftsbury

charles darwin

baby biography, child diary of his own child develioment
nature theouries

• discovered they were biologically programmed

- attacthment as survival method

Freud

nature ( psycosexual)

• oral (birth to 1 year)
• anal (1-3)
  -phallic (3-6)
  -latency ( 6-11)
• gential (adolecense)

john watson

behavirois,

• how is behavior shaped by the environment
• all behavior can be explained by responses to ecternal stimuli
• associatie learning
• psycoanalysis

themes

nature and nurture
the active child

• children play a role in their own development

- preferences, people to objects, motication, selecting their own environments

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

quantitive and qualitative change

sociocultural context

physical
soical
economic
cultural
historical
CROSS CULTURAL STUDIES

individual differences

genes, treatments, subjective reactions, choices

Quantitative

preformation, obits, spermist, sperm carries little humans and finds the egg and the egg feeds it debate until the 1800s

qualitative

aristotle! epigenisis, things that dont have defining characteristics intil epigentics

early sex differences

more male chromosomes at conceptio, xy prone to abortion , because chromosomes are smaller, males easier to concieve , bit harder to stick

germinal phase (zygote)

conception , lasts 2 weeks

cell division

mitotsis , growing out of the zygote, division and replication

• division and replication
  forms a blastocyte
  inner= emboryo outer= placenta

embryonic phase

embryo 3-8 weeks

• post zygote implantation in the uterine wall
• cell diffferentiation
  qualititatice embryonic deveopment

cell differentiation

the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function. qualitative change.

neuralation

specifically:
Around 22 days post-conception, the neural plate (a thickened area of the ectoderm) folds in on itself.
The edges fuse to form the neural tube, which later becomes the central nervous system (brain + spinal cord).
👉 When it doesn't close properly, it's called a neural tube defect (NTD), such as spina bifida or anencephaly.

stem cells

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

Aptosis

programmed cell death (fingers)

vestigial tail

aptosis failure

cephalocaudal development

the pattern of growth in which areas near the head develop earlier than areas farther from the head

Face development

5 to 8 weeks, face flaps fuse to cupids bow
cleft lip

Embryonic support system

placenta and umbilical cord

cells in the brain

neurons, 100 billion

neurons

cell body, dendrites , axons
synapses (space for communication)
mylein sheath to speed up signlaing
15,000 connectiuons

glial cells

Most abundant in the brain

• glue
• lead connection to the others
  produce the myelin sheath
  custodians
• remove dead neurons
  tug boats
  migration

Neurogensis

creation of new neurons (6-23) fast division , early embyronic

Migration

movement of neurons into other parts of the brain during early embryonic period

abrorization

dendrites grow and multiply in size (first few years after birth)

Myleination

process of the growth of the myelin sheath around the axon of a neuron - before birth to adolecense (around the axon)

synaptogensis

creation if synapses between neurons

Pruning

When applied to brain development, the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die.

• at peak 1000,000 per second are lost
  • best recovery from brain injury
• happens until adolencense
  -weak and unused connectiomns

Plasticity

ability to mold to environment . neural darwinism (used is strentghtned anf unused are lost)
learning and memory

expeirence expectant plasticitiy

Brain development depends on normal, expected input from the environment.
✅ Example: Visual stimulation for sight, auditory input for language.
⚠️ If input is missing during the sensitive/critical period, neurons are pruned → permanent deficits possible.
Compensation: rewiring may occur (e.g., congenital deafness → stronger visual processing).

expeirence dependent

Brain changes based on unique, individual experiences across life.
Examples:
Rats in enriched environments → more synapses, better learning.
Violinists/cellists → denser neural connections in motor cortex for hand control.

sensitive period

TIMING MATTERS, if you get stimulation AFTER the brain was expecting it, the effect is not the same → damage sometimes is irreversible. Stimulation doesn't happen → pruning

compensatory rewiring

compensates for a lack of stimulation in one area by strengthening in another area ex. Congenital deafness = enhanced visual processing. Video example (boy goes blind → can locate things b y echo location

expeirence dependent

neural connections that are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of individual experience
Ex. rats raised in complex vs less complex environments. Rats in complex environment → more synapses per neuron + more supportive tissues (glial tissues = tug boats), preformed better in learning tasks
Human ex. violinists/cellists → denser populations of neurons and dendrites and synaptic connections for hand contro

when are neurons done being created

after birth

best time for brain damage

early childhood, synapse generation and pruning are occurring, plasticity is highest and brain can rewire (3 ) plasticity high

worst time for brain damage

earliest stages of prenatal development and in first year, affects neurogenesis and neuron migration (radiation and japanese mothers)

Genetic Abnormalities

45% of pregnancies end in miscarriage prior to 3rd week (often before knowing one is pregnant
Due to severe defects (missing or extra chromosome
Environmental influences
Ex. convulsing cats would leap into the sea to their deaths. Later seen in children, convulsions, slurred speech, loss of motor control

nature and nurture

• deeply intertwined
• watson (behaviorism) claimed environment could shape anyone
• hebb ( rectangle example)

A sheep dog's herding instinct is what kind of trait?

• shows natures role

Fox Domestication

selective breeding led ot behavior and cosmetic changes

bunnies

grew the dark hair on their back in the cold

Theory of Inheritance

a theory of how characteristics of one generation are derived from earlier generations mendel

family studies

researchers assess hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another on a specific trait

twin studies

compare MZ (identical) vs DZ (fraternal) twins

• greater similarity in MZ -> genetic influences

adoption studies

assess hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and both their biological and their adoptive parents

• shows how enviroment and genetics shape traits

Heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

• number of toes has low heritabilioty (injury)
  -- height has high but influenced by diet
• groups not indicuals
• can change w environment

Minnesota Twin Study

MINNESOTA twin studies → studies over 100 twins separated early in life
Most twins talked with same cadence, has similar interests, ROLE OF NATURE In personality development
Monozygotic twins → genetic personality influence of 50% personalities were SO similar even if raised together or not
HAS been replicated and similar results withstand
STRONG heritability = IQ, personality, life expectancy, preferences, political affiliation, likelihood of being divorced, television watching habits, infant activity level, antisocial behavior, temperament, reading disability
WEAK heritability = spouse similarity, other personality traits (need for intimacy)
**^^ DOES NOT mean there are specific genes that code for these traits but if you are identical twins you are just more likely to have these traits in common
HERITABILITY DOES NOT EQUAL purely based on genes or genetically determined (ex. Toes have a low heritability score
What we learn from GROUPS cannot be applied to individuals
Study limitations for heritability = only apply to groups at certain times, be careful about applying heritability scores between racial groups Adoptive twin studies
Compare similarity between identical twins who grew up together and those reared apart

h

heritability coefficient

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

dad

fathers drinking habits cause abnormalitiea as well

cats

pregant women should avoid litter box ( toxoplasmosis) only can procreate in a cat

Zika Virus

microcephaly

Stress

too severe can have a negative effect on fetus
Body system on permanent high alert (learning synapses pruned)

screen time

Damaged language delays, cognitive delay, damaged frontal load, poor empathy, bad social ques, impaired learning, risk taking
Positive → can prepare childrens brains for high stimulus worlds

Vaccines

Vaccines → too many vaccines at the same time can act as a teratogen

enviroment

pitbulls in the wrong enviroment can be deadly

types of environments

Types of environments
Shared environment
Non shared environment - effects of environment unique to the individual
Birth order
Experiencing parents behavior differently
Being affected different by shared experiences
Motivation of siblings to differentiate from each other

fraternal twins

50 percent of genes

vaccines

Genes studies w/identical twins suggest genetic factors account for 60-90% of the risk for ASD
Scientific explanations: better diagnosis, broader diagnosis, increased awareness, reduced stigma, late diagnosis in adults, having childrens later in life, prenatal exposures, maternal health

random assortment

The chance distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells during meiosis

Genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

• 46= 23 pairs

- gurantees that humans will be similar in some sens e

sex determination

The biological mechanism that determines whether an organism will develop as a male or female

• xx female
  male xy

SRY gene

sex determining region of the Y chromosome, testosterone

endophenotypes

intermediate phenotypes, including the brain and nervous systems, that do not involve overt behavior

gene expression

process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function

• fingerprints only short time

alleles

Different forms of a gene
Different forms of a gene (e.g., B = brown hair, b = blond hair).
Dominant-Recessive Pattern
Dominant Allele: Expressed if present.
Recessive Allele: Expressed only if both alleles are recessive.
Homozygous: Same alleles (BB or bb).
Heterozygous: Different alleles (Bb) → Dominant is expressed.

X-linked recessive

Males have only one X chromosome (no second X to mask recessive allele).

• prone to these disorderdsc cause they only have 1

PKU (phenylketonuria)

a condition that makes it impossible for babies to metabolize certain proteins

Genetic Testing

The use of methods to determine if someone has a genetic disorder, will develop one, or is a carrier

MAOA gene

MAOA Gene: Regulates aggression-related brain chemicals.
Study Findings (Caspi et al., 2002):
Low MAOA + Abuse → High risk for antisocial behavior.
High MAOA + Abuse → Much lower risk.
Conclusion: Both gene and environment matter.

parental genetic nurture

Parents' genes → Their behavior/preferences → Child's environment
E.g., A parent with reading difficulties may provide fewer books, less reading encouragement.

Flynn effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

how many genes seperate us from mice

300

Karyotype

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

Trisomy

3 copies of a chromosome
(ex trisomy 21 is down syndrome)

• a lot of trisomys lead to spotaneous abortion wont be born

Meiotic Errors

Lead to abnormal chromosome structures and numbers.

Aneuploidy

Abnormal number of chromosomes.

Monosomy

Chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number

visual acuity

sharpness of vision

• poor in newborns
  -rapid iprovemnts in 8 motnhs and similar to adult by 6

color vision

2-3 motnhs can distinguish cilors like adults
newborns can tell red v white

depth perception

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

• optical expaansion ( 1 month)
  pictorial cues (6-7 months)

hearing

Better developed at birth than vision.
Newborns recognize mother's voice.
Can distinguish subtle phoneme differences that adults cannot (lost by ~10-12 months).

illusory contours

Example: Kanizsa triangle (seeing a shape that isn't actually drawn).
Shows that perception goes beyond raw sensation.
Development: Infants ~7 months begin perceiving illusory contours reliably.