Geography paper 2

-Urban issues -Changing economic world -Resource management

What is urbanisation?

An increase in the amount of people living in urban areas - towns and cities

What are causes of urbanisation?

Rural-urban migration:

• -Push = natural disasters/drought/war

• -Pull = more jobs/better education/better QoL

Natural increase:

• -Increase in birth rate - lack of edu/high % of parent age

• -Lower death rate - improved medfac/high life expect.

What is a megacity and where are they mainly found?

An urban area with over 10 million people living there

Over 2/3 of megacities are in NEEs and LICs

What is a greenbelt area?

A zone of land surrounding a city where new building is strictly controlled to prevent cities growing too quickly

what is sustainable urban living?

being able to live in cities in ways that do not pollute the environment and ensure future generations can use resources

Name 4 things that form Sustainable Urban Living

Water conservation- collecting rainwater

Energy conservation- using renewable energy

Creating green space- reduces risk of flooding

Waste recycling- local recycling facilities

What is a case study for ‘planning for the urban poor’?

Tempo Housing- houses made out of shipping containers

What are the advantages of Tempo Housing?

• Can be constructed within 7 days

• 25% cheaper than normal home

• Starts at £4300

• Can be stacked 9 stories high to save space

• Fitted with bathrooms/kitchens, improving sanitation

• Provides construction jobs

What are the disadvantages of Tempo Housing?

• Still may be too expensive

• sense of community is lost

• there is a stigma

• Steel conducts heat so needs to be well-insulated

What are the environmental, economic, and social issues surrounding traffic management?

Environment:

-traffic increases air pollution, leading to greenhouse gases that effect climate change

Economic:

-congestion makes people late for work and deliveries take longer - companies lose money

Social:

-greater risk of accidents and health issues

Name 2 solutions to congestion?

-widen roads

-encourage car-sharing

-introduce park and ride schemes

-congestion charges

-better public transport

What is the case study from ‘Urban change in a major NEE city’?

Lagos, Nigeria

Where is Lagos, Nigeria?

Sprawls inland from the Gulf of Guinea across Lagos Lagoon

South West Nigeria

North West Africa

How many people in Lagos live in slums?

60% live in slums like Makoko

What is ‘gross domestic product per capita’?

Total value of goods and services produced in a country per person, per year

What is ‘gross national income per capita’?

Average of gross national income per person, per year in USD

How is Human development index measured?

Life expectancy, education level, and income per person

What are 4 physical factors that cause uneven development?

Natural resources- fuel, timber, safe water

natural hazards- undermines redevelopment, fertile soil

climate- reliability of rainfall, extremities, tourism

location/terrain- landlocked, mountainous, tourism

What human factors cause uneven development?

aid

trade

education

health

politics

history

What are 3 consequences of uneven development?

wealth

health

migration

What can reduce the global development gap?

Microfinance loans:

• people in LICs recieve small loans

• enable people to begin businesses

• may not reduce poverty on a large scale

Aid:

• Giving other countries money , resources or advice

• May become reliant

• Corrupt government misuses money

Debt relief:

• a country’s debt is cancelled/lowered

• more money spent on dev

• locals do not get a say

Fair trade:

• Farmers get fairer prices

• Paid fairly to develop edu/health

• Only a small amount reaches produces

What is aid and pros/cons?

Giving other countries money , resources or advicWhat can May become reliant