1200-1450

When did the Song Dynasty rise to power?

Around 960

What ideology did the emperor of China use to justify his rule during the Song Dynasty?

Confucianism

What was the significance of the civil service exam during the Song Dynasty?

It promoted a meritocracy and increased competency in governance.

What new social class emerged due to the imperial bureaucracy in the Song Dynasty?

The scholar gentry

What agricultural innovations contributed to prosperity during the Song Dynasty?

Manure for fertilizer, irrigation systems, water wheels, and Champa rice.

What is Champa rice and why was it significant?

A fast-ripening rice imported from Vietnam that allowed for two harvests per year.

What was the purpose of the Grand Canal in China?

To facilitate the transportation of food from the productive south to the north.

What technological advancements did China achieve during the Song Dynasty?

Discovery of coal for cast iron production, increased iron and steel production, and gunpowder.

What maritime innovations did the Chinese develop during the Song Dynasty?

Compasses and Chinese junks.

What impact did the demand for luxury goods have on the Silk Roads?

It increased production of textiles and porcelains by Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans.

What was the social structure in Song China?

Scholar gentry, farmers, artisans, craftsmen, merchants, and then peasants.

What role did women have in Song China?

They lived in a patriarchal society with restricted legal rights, and foot binding was a sign of beauty.

What was the significance of woodblock printing in Song China?

It expanded the availability of books and facilitated the spread of knowledge.

How did Buddhism spread to China?

Through the Silk Roads, attracting interest due to its high moral standards and promise of salvation.

What are the three forms of Buddhism that spread into China?

Theravada, Mahayana, and Tibetan Buddhism.

What is Neo-Confucianism?

A blend of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism that emerged during the Song Dynasty.

What is sinification?

The extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions.

What was the tributary relationship between China and Korea?

Korea entered a tributary relationship with China during the Tang dynasty, facilitating cultural exchange.

How did Vietnam respond to Chinese influence?

Vietnam accepted some aspects of Sinification but resisted Chinese domination.

What was the significance of The Tale of Genji?

It is considered the world's first novel about a Japanese prince.

What characterized feudal Japan?

A society without a centralized government, similar to European feudalism.

What was the role of the shogun in feudal Japan?

The shogun was a hereditary divine emperor, akin to a king in Europe.

What led to the rise of new ruling families in Japan?

The end of the Chinese-style bureaucracy.

What was the impact of the Islamic expansion after Muhammad's death?

Islam spread rapidly outward from Arabia.

What was the significance of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad?

It was a center for the translation and preservation of knowledge, contributing to intellectual advancements.

Which group took control of Egypt and North Africa during the decline of the Abbasids?

The Mamluk Sultanate, a Turkic group.

What was the role of the Seljuk Turks in the Islamic world during the 1200s?

They took control of Baghdad and reduced the Abbasid Caliph's power to a religious leader.

What was the Delhi Sultanate?

A Muslim empire established by invading Turks in Northern India that ruled for 300 years.

What challenges did the Abbasid Caliphate face during its decline?

Invasions by Crusaders and Mongols, as well as economic challenges due to shifting trade routes.

What were some key intellectual innovations during the Islamic Golden Age?

Advancements in mathematics, medicine, and the translation of Greek classics into Arabic.

Who was Nasir al-Din al-Tusi?

A scholar known for his contributions to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, and medicine.

What was the significance of Ibn Khaldun?

He is recognized for his work in history and sociology.

What was the role of Sufism in the spread of Islam?

Sufis emphasized spiritual practices and became successful missionaries.

How did the status of women in Islamic societies compare to that in other cultures?

Islamic women had rights such as property ownership and divorce, which were often not afforded to women in other cultures.

What was the impact of the Umayyad Caliphate in Spain?

They established a capital in Cordoba and turned back Islamic military advances at the Battle of Tours in 732.

What was the significance of al-Andalus in Islamic Spain?

It became a center for learning and had the largest library in the world at the time.

What was the economic role of Muslim merchants in the Indian Ocean trade?

They were the main seafarers, facilitating trade between East Africa and Southwest Asia.

What was the Bhakti Movement?

A spiritual movement in Hinduism that emphasized emotion and devotion, attracting many, including women and lower castes.

What was the significance of the Khmer Empire?

Founded as a Hindu empire, it later incorporated Buddhism and is known for the temple Angkor Wat.

How did monsoon winds affect trade in the Indian Ocean?

Knowledge of monsoon winds allowed traders to time their voyages for efficient travel and cultural diffusion.

What were the social structures in the Islamic world?

A growing merchant class emerged, and slavery existed with specific restrictions on whom could be enslaved.

What was the role of the caste system in India during the spread of Islam?

It provided stability and incorporated Muslim merchants into sub-castes called jatis.

What were some cultural achievements in South Asia during this period?

Advances in algebra, geometry, and the creation of Urdu, blending Hindi, Arabic, and Farsi.

What was the status of low-caste Hindus who converted to Islam?

They often did not improve their economic status despite converting.

What was the significance of the Qutub Minar?

It is a notable example of Islamic architecture in India, built during the Delhi Sultanate.

What was the impact of the Crusaders on the Islamic world?

They attempted to retake holy sites, contributing to the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate.

What was the role of trade in the prosperity of Islamic civilization?

Trade with regions like China and Southeast Asia facilitated cultural and economic growth.

What were the main features of Islamic rule in Spain?

It included religious tolerance and the establishment of a vibrant cultural and intellectual life.

How did the Abbasid Caliphate's political structure change over time?

It transitioned from Arab leadership to Turkic Muslim control as the empire declined.

What was the significance of the Battle of Tours?

It marked the halt of Islamic expansion into Western Europe.

What was the role of the military in Islamic administration?

The military often held administrative power and maintained order in the empire.

How did the Islamic Golden Age influence Europe?

Intellectual advancements in mathematics and medicine were later transferred to Europe.

What trading empire controlled the Strait of Malacca?

Srivijaya (650-1377)

What was the significance of the Majapahit Empire?

It formed by the end of the 13th century.

Which religions influenced the early sea-based empires?

Hinduism and Buddhism.

How did Islam spread in Southeast Asia?

Through peaceful contacts and voluntary conversion, aided by Sufis.

What is Borobudur?

The largest Buddhist temple on the planet, built between the 9th and 14th centuries in Indonesia.

What role did trading play in the spread of Islam?

It prepared the way for conversion, especially in coastal cities.

What environmental knowledge was crucial for Indian Ocean trade?

Advanced knowledge of the monsoon winds.

What was the Mississippian culture known for?

Building huge earthen mounds along the Mississippi River.

What was the social structure of the Mississippian society?

Rigid hierarchy with the Great Sun at the top, followed by nobles, priests, and commoners.

What led to the decline of the Mississippian civilization?

The abandonment of Cahokia around 1450 due to flooding, weather, crop failures, and disease.

Where is Mesa Verde located?

In the cliffs of the Four Corners region of the US (Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah).

What characterized the Mayan state structure?

A decentralized collection of city-states frequently at war with each other.

What was the Aztec capital city?

Tenochtitlan.

What was unique about the Aztec capital's location?

It was built on an island in the middle of a swamp.

What type of government did the Aztec empire have?

A theocracy led by the Great Speaker (emperor).

What was the tribute system in the Aztec empire?

Conquered peoples paid tribute in goods, land, and military service.

What was the role of women in Aztec society?

Women could be priestesses, midwives, healers, or merchants, and some owned property.

What agricultural innovation did the Aztecs use?

Floating gardens called chinampas.

What led to the decline of the Aztec empire?

Low technology levels, high demand for human sacrifices, and the arrival of Europeans and diseases.

What was the significance of the Song Dynasty in China?

It rose around 960 and retained power until 1279, emphasizing Confucian governance.

What was the civil service exam during the Song Dynasty?

A meritocratic system to increase competency in the bureaucracy.

What agricultural advancements occurred during the Song Dynasty?

Use of manure for fertilizer, irrigation systems, and Champa rice from Vietnam.

What was the Grand Canal's role in the Song Dynasty?

It facilitated the transport of food from the productive south to the north.

What technological innovations were developed in China during the Song Dynasty?

Gunpowder, compasses, and advancements in iron and steel production.

What was the impact of the Silk Roads on luxury goods?

Increased demand led to expanded production of textiles and porcelains in Afro-Eurasia.

What dynasty had the largest cities in the world during its time?

The Song Dynasty

Name three major cities during the Song Dynasty.

Chang-an, Hangzhou, and Guangzhou

What was the population of the largest cities in the Song Dynasty?

Up to 100,000 people

What social class in China was at the top of the hierarchy?

Scholar gentry

What practice symbolized wealth and status for women in Song China?

Foot binding

What was the impact of extensive foreign contact during the Song Dynasty?

Led to intellectual pursuits and cultural changes

What printing technique did the Chinese first use?

Woodblock printing

Which religion spread to China via the Silk Roads?

Buddhism

What were the three forms of Buddhism that spread into China?

Theravada, Mahayana, and Tibetan Buddhism

What is Chan Buddhism also known as?

Zen Buddhism

What did the Song Dynasty do differently regarding Buddhism compared to the Tang Dynasty?

The Song Dynasty was more tolerant and mixed Buddhism with Confucianism.

What does Sinification refer to?

The extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions

What tributary relationship did Korea enter into during the Tang Dynasty?

A tributary relationship with China

How did Vietnam's relationship with China differ from Korea's?

Vietnam was more resistant to Chinese domination.

What was the status of women in Islamic society compared to other regions?

Islamic women had more rights, such as owning property and remarrying.

What was the role of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad?

It was a center for knowledge transfer throughout Afro-Eurasia.

What was the impact of the Crusaders on the Abbasid Caliphate?

They attempted to retake holy sites like Jerusalem.

What was one economic challenge faced by the Abbasids?

Trade routes shifted north, leading to Baghdad's decline.

What was the role of trade in the Islamic world?

It facilitated the rise of a wealthy merchant class.

What rights did Islamic women have that were not common in other societies?

They could own property, remarry, and practice birth control.

What was the outcome of the Mongol invasion of Baghdad in 1258?

The last Abbasid caliph was killed, marking the end of the Abbasid Caliphate.

What were the main contributions of Ibn Khaldun?

He is known for his work in history and sociology.

What was the role of Sufis in spreading Islam?

They emphasized spiritual practices and were successful missionaries.