Biomechanics Flashcards

Flashcards for Biomechanics Lecture Review

Biomechanics

The application of principles from classical mechanics to the study of living systems; a combination of Engineering and Life Sciences

Biomechanics of Human Movement

Kinematics (motion) and kinetics (forces) associated with movement of the body and its segments.

Biomechanics of Cells and Tissue

Movement, stress, and deformation of anatomical tissue.

Statics

Study of bodies in equilibrium

Dynamics

Study of bodies in motion

Kinematics

Study of movement

Kinetics

Study of forces

Elasticity

No permanent deformation

Plasticity

Permanent Deformation

Viscoelasticity

Both viscous and elastic properties exhibited.

Abduction

Movement away from the longitudinal axis.

Adduction

Movement toward the longitudinal axis.

Flexion

Reduces the angle of articulating elements in the anterior-posterior plane.

Extension

Increases the angle of elements in the anterior-posterior plane.

Force

An interaction that tends to change the motion of an object with mass.

Newton's First Law

A body at rest will remain at rest; a body in motion will move in a straight line with constant velocity unless a net external force acts upon it.

Newton's Second Law

A change in net force produces an acceleration in the direction of the applied force with a magnitude in proportion to the force (mass).

Newton's Third Law

When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.

Equilibrium

A body is in equilibrium when the resultant (the vectorial sum) of the forces acting on it is zero.

Equilibrium Condition 1

The vectorial sum of forces is zero.

Equilibrium Condition 2

The vectorial sum of moments is zero.

Center of Mass (COM)

The mean location of a distribution of mass in space

Center of Gravity (COG)

The point of application of the gravitational vector.

Anthropometric tables

Tables derived from measurements of thousands of individuals linking the dimension and weight of body segments to general characteristics.

Free Body Diagram (FBD)

An analytical device used to analyze the forces and moments acting on a body.

Stick-man model

Sticks represent different segments of the body; segments are linked using joints; each segment has a CoG and weight.

Mass-spring-damper Model

A viscoelastic material that exhibits both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation.

Inverse Kinematics Inputs

Experimental inputs; scaled model markers.

Inverse Kinematics Output

Joint angles.

Inverse Dynamics Inputs

Joint angles, force data.

Inverse Dynamics Output

Joint torques and forces.

Residual Reduction Analysis Inputs

Joint angles, joint torques, joint forces, force data.

Residual Reduction Analysis Output

Residuals

Computed Muscle Control Inputs

Joint angles, joint torques, joint forces, residuals, force data.

Computed Muscle Control Outputs

Muscle forces.

Predictive modeling

Musculo-skeletal modelling is used to estimate quantities that cannot be measured or are too difficult to be measured.

Predictive Neuromuscular Modelling

Generate data in the absence of data; test hypotheses in physiology; estimate short and long-term effects of interventions; estimate the effect of technology.