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Forces that hold individual particles like atoms, molecules, or ions together.
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
Temperature at which a liquid boils when its vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
Boiling Point
Measure of a liquid's resistance to flow, dependent on intermolecular forces' strength.
Viscosity
Pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid phase.
Vapor Pressure
Resistance needed to increase the surface area of liquids, influenced by intermolecular forces.
Surface Tension
Weakest intermolecular force caused by electron cloud distortion.
London Dispersion Force
Attraction between partially positive and negative ends in polar molecules.
Dipole-dipole Interaction
Interaction between an ion and a polar molecule.
Ion-dipole Interaction
Special dipole-dipole interaction formed with hydrogen bonding with fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen.
Hydrogen Bond
Responsible for interactions within a molecule like covalent and ionic bonds.
Intramolecular Forces of Attraction
The percentage of the mass of the solute in a solution relative to the total mass of the solution.
Mass/Mass Percent Concentration
The percentage of the mass of the solute in a solution relative to the total mass of the solution.
Percent by Mass
The percentage of the volume of the solute in a solution relative to the total volume of the solution.
Percent by Volume
The concentration of a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution (mol/L).
Molarity
The concentration of a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent (mol/kg).
Molality
The maximum concentration of a substance that can be dissolved in a saturated solution.
Solubility
The process of a solid solute being dissolved in a solvent.
Dissolution
The process of a solid solute coming out of a solution and forming crystals.
Crystallization
A solution where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature.
Saturated Solution
A solution that can dissolve more solute at a given temperature.
Unsaturated Solution
A solution that contains more solute than a saturated solution at a given temperature.
Supersaturated Solution
