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Symbol
A form that represents something other than itself.
Words represent ideas, categories, entities.
Phonemes
Combinable elements that serve as the substance of the form of the word
Segment
A unit of sound that is the manifestation of a phoneme.
A speech event of a certain time length, over which the acoustic signal is of a particular form and is relatively stable.
Sound
A type of compression wave
Compression Wave
Energy transmitted through some medium.
Fluctuations in density of the medium.
Radiating from a source.
Sound Waves
Sound waves are changes in air pressure over time.
The size of air pressure difference represents loudness, also known as amplitude.
Waveform
A 2-dimensional plot of air pressure over time.
Examples include recordings of tuning forks and singing bowls, illustrated with plots.
Pure tone
A sound wave is a sinusoidal function.
Sound waves
Sound waves are periodic, meaning they have regular, repeated cycles.
Period
One full cycle of a wave
Frequency
the rate of cycles
Speech sounds
are not pure tones; they are regular (periodic) but complex.
Energy source
Vocal folds vibrating (like strings of an instrument).
Resonating in different ways in different chambers in the vocal tract.
Complex Waves
Complex waveforms can be represented via spectrograms
Spectrograms
show the interplay of loudness × frequency × time
Resonants
are the frequencies that resonate most strongly in the vocal tract, enhancing particular harmonics in speech sounds.
Harmonics
Overtones of a basic frequency
Resonant harmonics = formants
Vowels
type of resonant, A,E,I,O,U
Fricatives
Non-periodic sustained energy, producing turbulence.
Different frequencies and loudness
Stops
Characterized by silence.
Stops affect the frequency of nearby sounds.
Segment
A speech event of a certain time length, over which the acoustic signal is of a particular form