Physics of Speech Notes

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21 Terms

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Symbol

  • A form that represents something other than itself.

  • Words represent ideas, categories, entities.

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Phonemes

  • Combinable elements that serve as the substance of the form of the word

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Segment

  • A unit of sound that is the manifestation of a phoneme.

  • A speech event of a certain time length, over which the acoustic signal is of a particular form and is relatively stable.

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Sound

A type of compression wave

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Compression Wave

  • Energy transmitted through some medium.

  • Fluctuations in density of the medium.

  • Radiating from a source.

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Sound Waves

  • Sound waves are changes in air pressure over time.

  • The size of air pressure difference represents loudness, also known as amplitude.

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Waveform

  • A 2-dimensional plot of air pressure over time.

  • Examples include recordings of tuning forks and singing bowls, illustrated with plots.

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Pure tone

  • A sound wave is a sinusoidal function.

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Sound waves

  • Sound waves are periodic, meaning they have regular, repeated cycles.

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Period

One full cycle of a wave

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Frequency

the rate of cycles

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Speech sounds

  • are not pure tones; they are regular (periodic) but complex.

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Energy source

  • Vocal folds vibrating (like strings of an instrument).

  • Resonating in different ways in different chambers in the vocal tract.

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Complex Waves

  • Complex waveforms can be represented via spectrograms

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Spectrograms

show the interplay of loudness × frequency × time

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Resonants

are the frequencies that resonate most strongly in the vocal tract, enhancing particular harmonics in speech sounds.

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Harmonics

Overtones of a basic frequency

  • Resonant harmonics = formants

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Vowels

type of resonant, A,E,I,O,U

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Fricatives

  • Non-periodic sustained energy, producing turbulence.

  • Different frequencies and loudness

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Stops

  • Characterized by silence.

  • Stops affect the frequency of nearby sounds.

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Segment

  • A speech event of a certain time length, over which the acoustic signal is of a particular form