Untitled Flashcards Set

Sensorimotor Stage

A stage in Piaget's theory where object permanence is developed.

Preoperational Stage

A stage characterized by egocentrism, animistic thinking, and lack of conservation.

Concrete Operational Stage

A stage in which children understand reversibility and transitivity.

Formal Operational Stage

The stage of cognitive development where abstract and logical thinking develops.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Vygotsky's concept of the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance.

Scaffolding

A supportive framework for learning that allows learners to achieve tasks higher than their current capability.

Theory of Mind

The understanding that others have thoughts and feelings, demonstrated through studies like the band-aid box study.

Trust vs. Mistrust

The first stage in Erikson's theory of social development, focused on developing trust in caregivers.

Attachment Styles

Patterns identified by Mary Ainsworth: secure, insecure-anxious/ambivalent, and insecure-avoidant.

Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style characterized by high responsiveness and high demands.

Preconventional Level

The first stage of Kohlberg's moral development focused on avoiding punishment and gaining rewards.

Transduction

The process of converting sensory input into neural signals.

Weber’s Law

A principle stating that the difference in stimuli must be proportionate to be perceived as different.

Signal Detection Theory

A theory describing how factors like expectations affect the ability to detect signals.

Gestalt Principles

Principles related to visual organization, including figure-ground perception and grouping.

Absolute Threshold

The minimum intensity of a stimulus that can be detected.

Conditioned Response

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus in classical conditioning.

Operant Conditioning

Learning that occurs through the consequences of behavior, involving reinforcements and punishments.

Shaping

The process of modifying behavior by gradually reinforcing closer approximations to the desired behavior.