Untitled Flashcards Set

### Developing Through the Lifespan **Piaget’s Approach to Cognitive Development** - Focus on stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational. - Key concepts: assimilation (integrating new information into existing schemas) and accommodation (modifying schemas for new information). - **Sensorimotor**: Object permanence is developed. - **Preoperational**: Features include egocentrism, animistic thinking, and lack of conservation. - **Concrete Operational**: Understands reversibility and transitivity. - **Formal Operational**: Abstract and logical thinking develops. **Vygotsky’s Theory** - Key concepts include the zone of proximal development (ZPD) and scaffolding (supportive framework for learning). - Theory of mind refers to understanding others' thoughts and feelings, illustrated by studies like the band-aid box study. **Erik Erikson’s Stage Theory of Social Development** - Major challenges in the first 4 stages: - Trust vs. Mistrust - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Initiative vs. Guilt - Industry vs. Inferiority **Attachment Studies** - Harlow’s studies highlighted the importance of comfort in attachment. - Mary Ainsworth identified attachment styles: secure (feeling safe), insecure-anxious/ambivalent, and insecure-avoidant, affected by temperament and correlating to outcomes like vocabulary size. **Parenting Styles** - Baumrind’s dimensions yield 4 styles: Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved. Parenting styles influence children's developmental outcomes. **Kohlberg’s Moral Development** - Three stages: Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional. - Illustrated through dilemmas like the Heinz dilemma. **Delay of Gratification** - Concept explored in the marshmallow test. **Erikson’s Last 4 Stages of Social Development** - Identity vs. confusion - Intimacy vs. isolation - Generativity vs. stagnation - Integrity vs. despair - Socioemotional selectivity theory addresses aging and emotional goals. ### Sensation and Perception - Sensation: raw data from senses; Perception: interpretation of that data. - Transduction converts sensory input into neural signals. - Processing types: bottom-up (data-driven) and top-down (concept-driven). - Absolute and difference thresholds define sensory limits. - Weber’s law describes the perception of differences in stimuli. - Signal detection theory involves factors like expectations and motivation affecting response bias, leading to hits, misses, false alarms, and correct rejections. - **Gestalt Principles**: figure-ground perception and grouping principles (proximity, similarity, continuity, closure) are foundational in understanding visual organization. - Depth cues: binocular (retinal disparity, convergence) and monocular (relative size, clarity, linear perspective). - Perceptual constancy ensures stable perception despite changing stimuli (e.g., color, lightness, shape, size). ### Classical Conditioning - Classical conditioning basics: unconditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, and conditioned stimulus defined through Pavlov’s work. - Concepts include acquisition, generalization, discrimination, extinction, spontaneous recovery, and second-order conditioning. - Conditioned aversions noted in studies, including Watson and Raynor’s Little Albert experiment. ### Operant Conditioning - Defined as learning through consequences of behavior. - Thorndike’s law of effect illustrated via his puzzle box experiment. - Skinner box assesses operant conditioning via reinforcements and punishments. - Shaping modifies behavior through successive approximations.