### Developing Through the Lifespan
**Piaget’s Approach to Cognitive Development**
- Focus on stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational.
- Key concepts: assimilation (integrating new information into existing schemas) and accommodation (modifying schemas for new information).
- **Sensorimotor**: Object permanence is developed.
- **Preoperational**: Features include egocentrism, animistic thinking, and lack of conservation.
- **Concrete Operational**: Understands reversibility and transitivity.
- **Formal Operational**: Abstract and logical thinking develops.
**Vygotsky’s Theory**
- Key concepts include the zone of proximal development (ZPD) and scaffolding (supportive framework for learning).
- Theory of mind refers to understanding others' thoughts and feelings, illustrated by studies like the band-aid box study.
**Erik Erikson’s Stage Theory of Social Development**
- Major challenges in the first 4 stages:
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
**Attachment Studies**
- Harlow’s studies highlighted the importance of comfort in attachment.
- Mary Ainsworth identified attachment styles: secure (feeling safe), insecure-anxious/ambivalent, and insecure-avoidant, affected by temperament and correlating to outcomes like vocabulary size.
**Parenting Styles**
- Baumrind’s dimensions yield 4 styles: Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved. Parenting styles influence children's developmental outcomes.
**Kohlberg’s Moral Development**
- Three stages: Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional.
- Illustrated through dilemmas like the Heinz dilemma.
**Delay of Gratification**
- Concept explored in the marshmallow test.
**Erikson’s Last 4 Stages of Social Development**
- Identity vs. confusion
- Intimacy vs. isolation
- Generativity vs. stagnation
- Integrity vs. despair
- Socioemotional selectivity theory addresses aging and emotional goals.
### Sensation and Perception
- Sensation: raw data from senses; Perception: interpretation of that data.
- Transduction converts sensory input into neural signals.
- Processing types: bottom-up (data-driven) and top-down (concept-driven).
- Absolute and difference thresholds define sensory limits.
- Weber’s law describes the perception of differences in stimuli.
- Signal detection theory involves factors like expectations and motivation affecting response bias, leading to hits, misses, false alarms, and correct rejections.
- **Gestalt Principles**: figure-ground perception and grouping principles (proximity, similarity, continuity, closure) are foundational in understanding visual organization.
- Depth cues: binocular (retinal disparity, convergence) and monocular (relative size, clarity, linear perspective).
- Perceptual constancy ensures stable perception despite changing stimuli (e.g., color, lightness, shape, size).
### Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning basics: unconditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, and conditioned stimulus defined through Pavlov’s work.
- Concepts include acquisition, generalization, discrimination, extinction, spontaneous recovery, and second-order conditioning.
- Conditioned aversions noted in studies, including Watson and Raynor’s Little Albert experiment.
### Operant Conditioning
- Defined as learning through consequences of behavior.
- Thorndike’s law of effect illustrated via his puzzle box experiment.
- Skinner box assesses operant conditioning via reinforcements and punishments.
- Shaping modifies behavior through successive approximations.
Knowt
Note
Studied by 43 people
