Child Development Final Exam

⭐️As a science developmental theory integrates which of the following fields?

a. all of the above
b. anthropology
c. psychology
d. biology

all of the above

⭐️Which of the following is not part of the scientific method.

a. formulate a hypothesis
b. report the results
c. analyze the data
d. get a grant

get a grant

⭐️an example of an operational definition for agression would be?

a. none of the above
b. agression is being mean to someone
c. observing the number of hits, kicks, and screams on a playground
d. aggression is subjective and cannot be defined.

observing the number of hits, kicks, and screams on a playground

⭐️A research method in which the data is collected at different times for the same group is known as

a. naturalistic observations
b. longitudinal
c. cross sectional
d. cross sequential

longitudinal

⭐️A research method in which several groups of people of different ages are studied and then followed for several years is known as

a. cross sequential
b. naturalistic observations
c. longitudinal
d. cross sectional

cross sequential

⭐️Which of the following is most true regarding use of replication in research.

a. often done with different research teams
b. allows the findings to carry more weight
c. promotes ethical behavior from researcher
d. all of the above

all of the above

!⭐️The idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to particular experiences is known as!

a. individual differnces
b. genetics
c. differential susceptibility
d. enviromental consequences

differential susceptibility

⭐️A system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior and assumptions is.

a. societal ideation
b. ethnicity
c. culture
d. enviromental influence

culture

⭐️A persons position in society as determined by income, occupation, education, and place of residence is

a. socioecomonic status
b. societal role
c. culture
d. none of the above

socioeconomic status

⭐️An average standard of behavior or an accomplishment is known as:

a. age theory
b. average developmental equivalent
c. a norm
d. mean age

a norm

⭐️ Which theorist is most closely associated with Psychoanalytic theory?

a. piaget
b. watson
c. skinner
d. freud

freud (?)

⭐️ Which theory holds that irrational, unconscious drives and forces underlie human behavior?

a. behaviorism
b. sociocultural theory
c. psychoanalytic
d. none of the above

psychoanalytic

⭐️ Which of the following do the developmental theories of Freud, Piaget, and Erickson have in common?

a. all focus on unconscious desires or motives
b. all considered stage theories
c. all ignore adult development
d. all considered psychoanalytic theories

all considered stage theories

⭐️ This Ericksonian stage of Psychosocial Development is where the child learns to trust that others will satisfy their basic needs

a. initiative vs guilt
b. trust vs mistrust
c. industry vs inferiority
d. autonomy vs shame and doubt

trust vs mistrust

⭐️ According to Erickson in the stage the 1-3 year old child either becomes self-sufficient in activities or doubts their own abilities.

a. trust vs mistrust
b. autonomy vs shame and doubt
c. industry and inferiority
d. initiative vs guilt

autonomy vs shame and doubt

⭐️ During the ___________ stage according to Erickson, the child works to master new skills or develops a feeling of inferiority unable to do anything well.

a. initiative vs guilt
b. trust vs mistrust
c. autonomy vs shame and doubt
d. industry vs inferiority

industry vs inferiority

⭐️ !___________ is the theorist most closely associated with Classical Conditioning.!

a. B.F. Skinner
b. Albert Bandura
c. Ivan Pavlov
d. Philiip Beasley

Ivan Pavlov

⭐️ ___________ is the theorist most closely associated with Social Learning Theory.

a. B.F. Skinner
b. John Watson
c. Albert Bandura
d. Philip Beasley

Albert Bandura

⭐️ !Going to work and receiving a paycheck is an example of ____________?!

a. variable reinforcement
b. intermittent reinforcement
c. secondary reinforcement
d. primary reinforcement

intermittent reinforcement

⭐️ Which of the following is not true regarding punishment?

a. maximize use of physical punishment
b. must be explained
c. must be consistent
d. must be applied swiftly

maximize use of physical punishment

⭐️ According to the Socio-cultural perspective development is guided by?

a. rewarded behaviors
b. unconscious motives
c. watching others
d. a multifaceted cultural context

a multifaceted cultural context

⭐️ The theorist most closely associated with Socio-cultural perspective is

a. maslow
b. yalom
c. vygotsky
d. traxler

vygotsky

⭐️ List the four stages of Jean Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development.

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

⭐️!Two of the more common problems for infants born between 27 and 35 weeks are_____________!

a. underdeveloped digestive system and skin
b. underdeveloped lungs and brain hemorrhaging
c. underdeveloped eyesight and hearing
d. none of the above

underdeveloped lungs and brain hemorrhaging

⭐️ an infant who receives a 5 minute APGAR scale of 5/10 would be considered _________.

a. generally healthy
b. generally healthy but needs to be monitored.
c. generally unhealthy
d. none of these

generally healthy but needs to be monitored.

⭐️ A baby is said to be in the 65th percentile of weight with same age peers. This means what?

a. the child is skinny
b. the child weights the same or greater than 65/100 infants of the same age.
c. the child weights less than the 65% of the same age peers
d. the child is morbidly obese

the child weights the same or greater than 65/100 infants of the same age.

⭐️ which of the following is the most true of Head-Sparing

a. makes sure the brain gets priority in development
b. development of a thick skull to cushion the brain.
c. a mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth
d. allows the brain to develop last

a mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth

⭐️ Which of the following provides the best rough estimate of how the brain is growing?

a. head circumference
b. body weight
c. difference between birth weight and weight at 1 month
d. wechsler infantile test of intelligence

head circumference

⭐️ __________ is the process by whihc unused connections in the brian atrophy and die.

a. pruning
b. dendritic growth phase
c. transient exuberance
d. none of these

pruning

⭐️ The ___ period is the first 2 weeks of prenatal development after conception.

a. germinal
b. fetal
c. baby
d. embryonic

germinal

⭐️ The______ period is the 3rd-8th week after conception.

a. baby
b. fetal
c. embryonic
d. germinal

embryonic

⭐️ The _____ period occurs from the 9th week after conception to birth.

a. germinal
b. fetal
c. baby
d. embryonic

fetal

⭐️ !_________ occurs 10 days after conception and is when the organism burrows into the placenta.!

a. implantation
b. birth
c. zygote
d. gamete

implantation

⭐️ _______% of zygotes do not grow or implant properly and do not survive.

a. 40
b. 60
c. 30
d. 70

60

⭐️ ______ is the process by which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron.

a. myelination
b. neuronal reproduction
c. brain growth
d. none of these

myelination

⭐️ !Which of the following skills are only possible after brain maturation has progressed to the poing of most 4-6 year olds.!

a. catch a ball and throw it
b. write a sentence
c. crawl
d. roll a ball

catch a ball and throw it

⭐️ A young child being unable to stop giggling is best explained by

a. poor preservation
b. poor myeliniatoin
c. attention
d. impulse control

poor myelination

⭐️ **mandy often judges her own abilities by measuring them against what her 4th grade peers do. this is known as _______.**

a. social comparison
b. peer analysis
c. attribution bias
d. self concept

social comparison

⭐️ which of Eriksons psychological stages is most common in middle childhood?

a. trust vs mistrust
b. ego vs. integrity
c. identity vs role confusion
d. industry vs inferiority

industry vs inferiority

⭐️ a child has gained the understanding that the alphabet are letters arranged in a sequence. this is known as _____.

a. conservation
b. seriation
c. operations
d. classification

seriation

⭐️ Define metacognition.

"thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task.

⭐️ !**which is most true regarding stress and child development?**!

a. an isolated acute stress incident is detrimental because most kids can not cope well.

b. an isolated acute stress incident is often not as detrimental as a long string of daily hassles.

c. an isolated acute stress incident is just as detrimental than a long string of daily hassles.

d. an isolated acute stress incident is more detrimental than a long string of daily hassels.

an isolated acute stress incident is detrimental because most kids can not cope well.??

⭐️ !_________ is a process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routin, so that it no longer requires conscious thought.!

a. sensory memory
b. automatization
c. instincts
d. long term memory.

automatization (?)

⭐️ ________ is Piagets term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.

a. formal operational thought
b. sensorimotor thought
c. abstract thought
d. concrete operational thought

concrete operational thought

⭐️ ______ are the mechanisms that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information processing system.

a. metacognition
b. control process
c. executive function
d. none of the above

control process

⭐️ The _________ reaction is a feedback loop that involves other people and objects.

a. secondary circular
b. tertiary circular
c. primary circular
d. sensorimotor circular

secondary circular

⭐️ An individual's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate form those of other people is known as ____________.

a. self concept
b. self awareness
c. none of these
d. object permanence

self awareness

⭐️ during the _______ stage according to erickson, the child works to master new skills or develops a feeling to do anything well

a. initiative vs guilt
b. trust vs mistrust
c. autonomy vs shame and doubt
d. industry vs inferiority

industry vs inferiority

⭐️ Inborn differences between one person and another in emotional activity and self-regulation is known as

a. trait expression
b. positive adjustment
c. temperment
d. personality

temperment

⭐️ George a 24month old Caucasian male touches his own nose when make up is placed on his nose and then shown his reflection in a mirror. The research method used in this study is known as ____________

a. mirror study
b. rouge test
c. visual acutity study
d. none of these

rouge test

⭐️ An infant has learned to combine intellectual experimentation with imagination and at times engages in deferred imitation. According to Piaget this infant is most likely in _______.

a. stage 3
b. stage 4
c. stage 6
d. stage 1

stage 6

⭐️ A smile evoked by a human face, usually first evident about 6 weeks after birth is knwon as ___________,.

a. emotional smile
b. a gas bubble
c. social smile
d. reinforced behavior

social smile

⭐️ ___________ is the theorist most closely associated with cognitive theory

a. piaget
b. vygotsky
c. freud
d. taber

piaget

⭐️ ________ is an attachment pattern in which an infants' anxiety and uncertainty are evident as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion.

A. Insecure-resistant
B. Insecure ambivalent
C. Secure attachment
D. Pre-attachment

Insecure-resistant

⭐️ **when asked which beaker has more water the child chooses the taller beaker after watching the same amount of water be poured into both. This is an example of conservation of**

A. Length
B. Matter
C. Number
D. Volume

Length (?)

⭐️ ______ is the tendency to assess one's abilities by measuring them against those of other people, especially one's peers.

A. Social bias
B. Grass is greener effect
C. Social comparison
D. Micro aggression

Social comparison

⭐️ _____ is a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.

A. Secure attachment
B. Pre attachment
C. Insecure avoidant
D. Insecure resistant

Secure attachment

⭐️ Which of the following is most true regarding Piaget's Preoperational Thought.

A. Logical operational thinking is not yet possible
B. None of these
C. Logical operational thinking is possible
D. Children pretty much think at this stage as miniature adults

Logical operational thinking is not yet possible

⭐️ !**The theorist who emphasized the role of mentors in early childhood learning is**!

A. Reggio
B. Montessori
C. Piaget
D. Vygotsky

Vygotsky

⭐️ The _________ reaction is a feedback loop that involves the infants own body.

a. primary circular
b. sensorimotor circular
c. secondary circular
d. tertiary circular

primary circular

⭐️ Ringo a 5 week old native American male would most likely be considered to be in what stage of attachment?

a. pre-attachment phase
b. attachment phase
c. secure attachment phase
d. insecure attachment

(?) pre attachment

⭐️ An infant has learned to adapt to situations and may point or gesture to what they want. According to Piaget this Infant is most likely in ____________.

a. stage 3
b. stage 6
c. stage 4
d. stage 1

stage 4

⭐️ which of the following is most true regarding newborn sleep?

a. sleep 15-17 hours and average 35% in REM
b. sleep 13 hours
c. sleep 6 hours
d. sleep 15-17 hours and average 50% in REM

sleep 15-17 hours and average 50% in REM

⭐️ A parent who consistently utilizes strict punishment and typically does not gather input from the child is known as __________ according to Baumrind.

a. authoritarian
b. rod/spoil parent
c. permissive
d. authoritative

authoritarian

⭐️ Sally is a 13 month old African American becomes distressed when mother leaves the room. However, she calms herself after just a few minutes. Sally is exhibiting________.

a. seperation anxiety
b. lack of object permanence
c. stranger wariness
d. loneliness

seperation anxiety

⭐️ according to cognitive theory, our _________ shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

a. feelings
b. thoughts
c. both a and b
d. none of these

thoughts

⭐️!Research regarding how a child handles stress has found that cortisol _______ in children if they interpret events as threatening.!

a. decreases
b. stabillizes
c. fluctuates
d. increases

increases

⭐️ The phenomenon in which language development occurs in the same order worldwide is known as

a. universal order
b. universal sequence
c. universal learning
d. universal acquisition

universal sequence

⭐️ An infant has began to attempt to produce exciting experiences. According to Piaget this infant ismost likely in ____________.

a. stage 3
b. stage 6
c. stage 1
d. stage 4

stage 3

⭐️!which theorist stressed the importance of unconditional positive regard in the development of a child !

a. brofenbrenner
b. rogers
c. yalom
d. maslow

rogers

⭐️ a research method in which data is collected once on participants with different ages is

a. naturalistic observations
b. cross sectional
c. cross sequential
d. longitudinal;

cross sectional

⭐️ The ______ reaction is a feedback loop that involves active exploration and experimentation

a. secondary circular
b. sensorimotor circular
c. primary circular
d. tertiary circular

tertiary circular

⭐️ according to maslow which is the most basic need?

a. biological
b. self actualizaiton
c. love and belonging
d. safety

self actualization

⭐️ Which of the following is not true of Sensorimotor Intelligence Stage according to Piaget?

a. use their senses to think
b. think by using rules of conservation
c. has 6 distinct stages
d. first period of cognitive development

think by using rules of conservation

⭐️ child development integrates (6)

biology
psychology
sociology
anthropology
economics
history

⭐️ list the steps of the scientific method (5)

1. formulate a testable hypothesis
2. select research method and design study
3. collect the data
4. analyse the data and draw conclusions
5. report the findings

⭐️ ____________ describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable.

a. operational
b. hypothesis
c. formal operational
d. classification

operational

⭐️ which theorist is most closely associated with behaviorism?

a. freud
b. piaget
c. watson
d. erikson

watson

⭐️ Which theorist is most closely associated with Psychosocial theory?

a. freud
b. piaget
c. erikson
d. watson

erikson

⭐️ which theorist is most closely associated with the universal perspective.

a. maslow
b. rogers
c. both a and b
d. none of the above

both a and b

⭐️ give stages and ages of the psychosocial theory (4)

trust vs mistrust (birth-1 year)

autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3 years)

iinitiative vs guilt (3-6 years)

industry vs inferiority (6-11 years)

⭐️ _________ shows the effects that immediate responses, associations, and examples have on learning, moment by moment over time.

a. sociocultural
b. universal theories
c. behaviorism
d. social learning theory

behaviorism

⭐️ _____________ stress that human differences are less significant than characteristics that are shared by all humans, in every place and era.

a. sociocultural
b. universal theories
c. behaviorism
d. social learning theory

univsersal theories

⭐️ ________ theories remind us that development is embedded in a rich and multifaceted cultural context, evident in every social interaction.

a. sociocultural
b. universal theories
c. behaviorism
d. social learning theory

sociocultural

⭐️ this theory an extention of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person's behavior.

a. sociocultural
b. universal theories
c. behaviorism
d. social learning theory

social learning theory

⭐️ define primary and secondary reinforcement

primary: events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

secondary: events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforces.

⭐️ define positive and negative reinforcement.

positive: occurs when a response is strenghtened because it is followed by presentation of a rewarding stimulus.

negative: occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus.

⭐️ ________ is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes

a. fetus
b. embryo
c. gamete
d. zygote

zygote

⭐️ a quick assessment of a newborns health is called _______

a. ACT
b. APGAR
c. APAR
d. ADHD

APGAR

⭐️ what is considered a healthy APGAR score?

a. 7 or higher
b. 5 or below
c. 4 or below
d. none of the above

7 or higher

⭐️ what is considered to be an unhealthy APGAR score?

a. 7 or higher
b. 5 or below
c. 4 or below
d. none of the above

4 or below

⭐️ what does percentile mean?

a point on a ranking scale of 0 to 100

⭐️ define object permanence

a. the idea of an object being present even when you cannot physically see it.

b. the idea that if you can physically see something it is not present

c. the idea that an object you cannot physically see is not present

d. none of the above

the idea of an object being present even when you cannot physically see it.

⭐️ the ____________ theory is a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output.

a. cognitive theory
b. sociocultural theory
c. information processing theory
d. psychosocial development

information processing theory

⭐️ __________ is an opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment.

a. affordances
b. universal sequence
c. babbling
d. none of the above

affordances

⭐️ describe the visual cliff experiement.

an experimental apparatus that gives the illusion of a sudden drop-off between one horizontal surface and another.

you would sit the baby down on the glass over patterned surface, or the shallow side, away from the mother. the mother would then smile and try to get the baby to move by showing them a toy to crawl over to. when the infants got to the center of the table, the mother then posed an expression of fear, sadness, anger, interest, or joy. the results showed that no infants crossed the table when the mother showed fear, 6% did when the mother showed anger, 33% did when mother posed sadness, and about 75% did when mother showed joy or interest.

⭐️ define the 5 different types of play.

solitary play: a child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby.

onlooker play: a child watches other children play.

parallel play: children play with similar objects in similar ways but not together.

associative play: children interact, sharing material, but their play is not reciprocated.

cooperative play: children play together, creating dramas or taking turns.

⭐️ define signs and symptoms of ADHD. (3)

a persistant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity

inability to concentrate and hyperactivity impairs daily functioning

tend to have academic difficulties.

⭐️ define signs and symptoms of autism. (3)

difficulty with social communication and interaction.

very inadequate social understanding

repetitive or restrictive patterns of behavior.

⭐️ __________ is the logical principle that things can be organized into groups for categories or classes according to some characteristic they have in common.

a. classification
b. seriation
c. both a and b
d. none of the above

classification