Immigration 1 & 2

What did the 14th Amendment do?

Enabled black Americans to become citizens - 1868

How many immigrants arrived to the US between 1870-1900?

12 million

What was the first federal immigration law?

The 1875 Page Act

What did the 1875 Page Act do?

Prohibited the entry of Chinese contract workers and prostitutes. (Believed all Chinese women were prostitutes)

What was the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act?

Curtailed almost all Chinese Immigration

What was the Immigration Act of 1882?

Further established categories on which exclusion could be based

What was the Naturalization Act of 1790?

Requirements to become citizen: (court ruling)

-needs to be white

-lived in US for 2 years

-good character

-oath to support the constitution

other:

-children also considered citizens

What was the Naturalization Act of 1795?

Requirements to become citizen: (court ruling)

-needs to be white

-lived in US for 5 years

-oath to support Constitution

-rid of any connection to foreign

-good moral character

Other:

-children considered citizens

What was the Naturalization Act of 1798?

Requirements:

-lived in US for 14 years

-anyone else shall be reported to district court

-can register as alien

-ensure peace and good behavior

What was the Alien Friends Act of 1798?

-President can decide immigrants are dangerous/taken apart in action against the US gov. At any time

-can remove immigrants from US

-if found after told to leave, will be imprisoned for 3 years, can never become citizen

What was the Naturalization Act of 1802?

-repeal acts passed previously

Requirements:

-must be white

-support the constitution

-rid of any connection to home country

Courts satisfied:

-when they have lived in US for 5 years

-has good moral character

-follows principles of constitution

1924 Johnson-Reed Immigration Act

Limited the number immigrants from specific countries, drastically reducing the entry of southern and Eastern Europeans (mostly Jewish people), who were deemed inferior "breeds."

Numerical Limitations:

-annual quota = 2 per centum of the number of foreign-born individuals of such nationality resident (minimum is 100)

Application for Visa

-prison records

-military records

-birth certificate

-public records

-if immigrant has relation/family to citizen, can be admitted as a non-quota immigrants (commissioner general approves)

Deportation:

-stayed longer than permitted= taken into custody and deported

What was the Immigration Act of 1917?

Secretary of Labor can allow children <16 can permanently stay in US

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952

All racial qualifications for naturalization removed

Hart Cellar Act/Immigration Act of 1965

Abolished the national quota system. Also established an annual ceiling of 170,000 immigrants from Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

What new category of immigrants were a result of the Hart Cellar Act

The undocumented or unauthorized

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

Offered a path to citizenship for approximately three million undocumented immigrants, but also increased border security and penalized employers who hired undocumented workers

Operation Gatekeeper

Increased physical impediments to crossing the US-Mexico border and high-tech surveillance

Caused immigrants to establish routes in favor of risky desert crossings in the interior, resulting in more deaths

What was the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Article VIII?

-Mexicans living in areas that used to belong to Mexico can continue to live there

-Won't be taxed if they decide to move their things/move houses

-Must decide whether they are Mexican/American citizens within a year

-After 1 year assumed to be US citizens

What was the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Article IX?

-leave characteristics of the Mexican Republic behind

-can live at their house until they are admitted as citizens by Congress

What was the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Article XI?

-citizens living on the taken land considered 'savages'

-they should be under control from gov.

-restrained and punished for gov.

-gov can remove the 'Indians'

What are some things included in the Emergency Quota Act of 1921?

-# of people admitted limited to 3 per centum of the # of foreign-born persons

-nationality determined by country of birth

-Commissioner General of Immigration can prescribe rules/regulations (w/ approval from Secretary of Labor)

-publish # of immigrants admitted

1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act

Further strengthened border enforcement, increased employer sanctions, and increased detention and deportation of immigrants

Immigration Act ("Literacy Act") of 1917

What was the Undesirable Aliens Act of 1929? (Blease's Law)

-if someone deported is found in the U.S, can be jailed for 2 years and a fine of no more than $1,000

-immigrant in prison will not be deported until after imprisonment ends

What was the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952?

Numerical Limitations/Quotas:

-annual quota of any quota area= 1/6 of 1 per centum of the # of people in US in 1920

-previous quota will continue to exist for the Chinese

Those Ineligible of Receiving a Visa:

-if they are anarchists

-those who teach/advocate against organized gov.

-if they affiliate w/ a communist party and totalitarian party

Deportation:

-in same order as they arrived (boat, aircraft)

Eligibility for Naturalization:

-can't be denied based on race or sex

What was the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 (Simpson-Mazzoli Act)

Title 1= control of illegal immigration

1. Made it unlawful for company to hire/keep a worker who they know is an immigrant

2. Employment Verification System (attest as US citizen or authorized immigrant, worker's status has been verified)

3. Employer sanction provisions, 6-month period of public education where no penalties can be ensued

4. Border patrol and enforcement improved

What Happens:

1. Unfair immigration-related employment practice when hiring, discriminate because of origin

Title 2= legalization

1. Attorney General adjust temporary resident status to immigrants who, apply within 18 months, entered US before Jan. 1 1982, and resided here continuously in unlawful status

2. Similar adjustments for aliens who entered legally as non immigrants but authorized stay ended before Jan 1 1982

What Happens:

1. Makes legalized immigrants ineligible for financial assistance, Medicaid, food stamp

Title 3= reform of legal immigration

1. Fill out H-2A forms

2. Says there are not enough US worked for jobs, and that US worker's wages/working conditions wont be affected

3. Provides permanent residence for those who, applied for a specific 18 month period, and performed 90 man-days of seasonal agricultural work

What is asylum?

Protection granted to someone who fled their country

What happened in 1967?

U.S. signs UN Refugee Protocols

What is a refugee?

Someone who is forced to flee their country (war, violence, persecution)

What was the Refugee Act of 1980?

-status granted unequally based on country

-If UN protocol met, any applicant could be welcomed

What is affirmative asylum?

Someone who applies for asylum instead of waiting for deportation proceedings

What is defensive asylum?

Doesn't have a visa, doesn't request asylum at border, overstayed visas, entered country illegally

How has immigration changed under Trump?

-near ban on asylum

-paused refugee programs

-afghans, Haitians, Venezuelans, Ukrainians deported (legal)

-white South Africans accepted

What was the Emergency Farm Laborer "Bracero" Program (1942-1964)?

-Mexican immigrants 4 mil

-temporary legal status

-agricultural work

-discrimination

What is amnesty?

Pardon for people who have committed political offenses

-immigrants with undocumented status, 3 mil given this if in US before 1982

What is the zero sum myth?

Progress for people of color means a loss for white people

What were the main points from The Sum of Us?

Zero sum theory = myth

racism hurts all of us, including whites

"Racism drained the pool" —> would rather drain the pool than have black and white people together

What happened in Lewiston Maine?

Town loosing pop

immigrants from Somalia and jabudi revived town, taught them french

What are other examples of immigrants helping the economy?

Kennett Square, PA:

-mushroom farming

Storm Lake, Iowa:

dying town, brought it back to life

Dalhart, TX:

-pop. Declining, Hispanic heritage, farmers