Chirality

What is constitutional/structural isomerism?

molecules with the same formula but different connectivity of carbon skeletons.

What is geometric isomerism?

same formula but different spatial arrangement of substituents around alkene

What are the CIP rules?

If the priority groups are on the same face use Z, if they are on different faces use E.

What is conformational isomerism?

The only form where isomers are interconvert between, occurs by rotation around C-C bonds.

What is steric strain result of?

repulsion between atoms that are positioned too close in space

What is torsional strain the result of?

repulsion between electrons and orbitals too close in space.

What is angle strain?

results from the bond angles around an atom being larger or smaller than preferred for hybridisation.

What are acyclic molecules?

substituents on the from C can be eclipsed by rear substituents and can occupy different planes.

What is a ‘ring flip’?

in cyclohexanes, where all axial bonds become equatorial and vice versa.

What are enantiomers?

two non super imposable mirror images.

How are chiral carbons hybridised?

sp3

How many stereoisomers do two molecules with two identical chiral carbons have?

3

How do we separate diastereoisomers?

using solubilities and crystallisation.

What is the difference between a concerted and non concerted reaction?

In non concerted reactions the bond breaking and making occurs in different steps and intermediates are formed. In a concerted reaction this happens in the same step