media, globalisation, green crime and state crime

what is the main issue with crime that is reported in the media, who said this

Newburn- it is misleading and offers a very different picture to what crime actually looks like in society according to official statistics and crime surveys

what does Marxism say about media and crime (provide ao2)

media reflects ruling class ideology and power and focuses on working class crimes to distract from ruling class crimes, Rupert Murdoch is the gatekeeper for most news outlets and controls most global media

what does postmodernism say about media and crime

media is the only accurate way for the reality of crime to be understood

what does pluralism say about media and crime

western societies are democratic and the crime represented in media is to serve public wants, smaller news outlets are there to cater for the minorities

evaluate the pluralist view on media and crime

naive view as most news outlets are owned by a single individual

what do feminists say about media and crime

reinforces stereotypes and oppresses women, usually paints female victims out as perpetrators focusing on what they were wearing in assault cases, used as a source of entertainment rather than reporting as it differs from female stereotypes so less serious

news value

process of deciding what is worthy to put on the news, usually factors such as immediately norms risk etc

what crime is over and under represented in the news

over representation of sex and drug crime, under representation of property crime

outline the hypodermic syringe model

model that states media injects information into society, arguing audiences are passive and accept the information being presented to them

evaluate the hypodermic syringe model

not all audiences are passive and will accept every piece of information, most people are desensitised so won’t really feel any effects from media

what is the cycle of media consumption and fear

individuals consume media and have fear, they stay at home to prevent crime happening to them, they consume more media at home, they fear society more

who thought of moral panics and what are they

cohen, argues that a mass movement that suggests a certain group poses a threat or danger to society due to deviance

link moral panics and media

media cause and fuel moral panics by presenting the group and the deviance

what did miller and Reilly argue about moral panics

they are an example of Althussers ideological state apparatus and allow the state to control the agenda of the working class and divide them on cultural grounds

what are some Ao2 examples of moral panics

1970s black mugger against ethnic minorities, 1980s HIV/ AIDS epidemic against homosexuals, 2000s Islamic terrorist profiling against Muslims, current knife crime profiling against working class youth

evaluate moral panics

contemporary society faces less moral panics as media offers diverging opinions, folk devils and scapegoats vary, not everyone sees a moral panics as bad e.g rave culture

globalisation

the interconnectiveness of people and companies all around the world

what has globalisation caused in relation to crime

an increase in crime due to the increased interconnectivity of individuals and criminal organisations, easier to communicate and operate transnationally as well as more opportunity

corporate crime

crime committed by corperations against its own employees or against the public

who was the main sociologist that spoke about globalisation and crime

Castelles

What did castelles say about crime types

new types of crimes have emerged due to globalisation such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, body parts selling, cyber crimes, nuclear weapons, international terrorism, green crime

what are some reasons for an increase in crime derived from globalisation

increase in media representation of capitalist consumerist ideology, increased growth of communication networks, increased influence of media leading to cultural imperialism (western world idolised around the globe so crime is committed to obtain this lifestyle)

outline the drug trade

international trade of drugs, around $322 billion market worth, in Uk it is estimated that half of crimes committed are derived from drug use (either in response to the effect of drugs or the need for money for drugs)

outline human trafficking

either the illegal movement of humans or human body parts for reasons such as modern day slavery, profit or sexual exploitation, 13000 victims a year in britain and are mainly children

what is an example of human trafficking

charging extortionate prices for the illegal movement of migrants from their countries to Britain on dingy boats, often the migrants arrive in Britain and have no money so result to crime or sex work to make a living

outline money laundering

falsifying the sources of illegally obtained money such as through trading it for commodities such as gold and selling it again, globalisation has made it very easy to send large sums of money in seconds around the globe

outline cybercrime

any crime that is committed with the help of informations or communications technology (internet), estimated to cost the uk $22 billion a year

examples of cybercrimes

child pornography, digital fraud, pedophelia, terrorist networking, cyber attacks and hacking, identity theft

ransom wear

a virus that captures and holds information as a ransom, persuading the affected individual to complete a task (pay a large sum of money for instance) if they do not want their information to be shared

taxhaven

area where taxes are significantly reduced or do not exist at all, money passes through here to ensure all profits are retained

newer organised crime groups

established since the fall of communist regimes, groups such as eastern europeans and colombian drug cartels, connected to each other and to large mafia groups

what did castelles say about crime groups

prior, organised crime groups worked in small specific locations and now due to globalisation they work across the globe

McMafia

mafia groups mirror activities of transnational companies (TNC’s) through menus and services (mcdonalds offers big macs and mafias offer cocaine)

who established the term Mcmafia

glenny

glocal

crime is in operation both locally and globally through organised crime network globally and locally

outline disorganised capitalism

due to capitalism, many areas face exploitation as coorperations operate internationally to move production to areas of most profitability, increase in part time jobs

outline growing inequality in relation to globalisation

due to globalisation, consumerism and development has increased in western countries, there is more investment into western countries and TNC’s have the financial power to go and exploit people in third world countries which leads to growing inequalities

outline supply and demand

media demonstrates idolised life in developed countries leading to a high demand for immigration into these countries as people want a better life, also high demand for drugs in developed countries leading to opportunity for profit and more crime

outline more opportunities for crime

globalisation has increased the opportunities for crime to occur through more communication and use of internet such as the dark web, cross border policing becomes increasingly difficult due to language barriers and different laws so people are able to get away easily

outline cultural globalisation and consumerism

live in a media saturated society where consumerism is spread as the main culture, owning possessions is seen as a good life, many people have little chance of achieving this and turn to crime

outline growing individualism

post modernism leads to a culture of selfishness where one believes they must look after themselves rather than the community, prefer personal gain so turn to crime as they do not believe in communal based shared acceptable means

outline global risk society

globalisation leads to an increase in the fear of risks such as theft, cyber crimes and asylum seekers, media fuels fear that is associated with crime which makes people more risk conscious

what is the basic Marxist view on opportunities for crime as a result of globalisation

TNCs and a spread of global capitalist ideology fuels crime such as taxand law evasion

what is the basic Feminist view on opportunities for crime as a result of globalisation

there is an increase of human trafficking due to the inequalities between genders and the exploitation of women through prostitution

what is the basic interactionist view on opportunities for crime as a result of globalisation

changes in national and international law increases global crime as there are diffrernt definitions of acts

state crime (transgressive definition)

state organisational deviance that involves the violation of human rights (Green and Ward)

what is the issue with the state crime definition

there are many different definitions of state crime so if you cannot define it how are you able to prosecute it?

what are the 4 categories of state crime

political crime, crimes by security, economic crimes, social and cultural crimes

outline political state crimes

censorship, corruption, war

concealing faking or distorting information citizens receive, illegal warfare that is not declared by the UN, use of illegal weapons such as napalm gas,

example of a political state crime

ongoing war declared on Iraq by uk in 2003 to search for deliverers of terrorist propaganda

outline crimes by security

genocide, torture, imprisonment without trial, disappearance

acts that are committed to destroy whole ethnic groups, inflicting severe pain on people as a form of punishment, detaining people without trial or reasoning, dissatisfaction of political ideology resulting the people disappearing

example of crimes by security

detaining people in Guatemala bay with torture, Holocaust

outline economic state crimes

official violation of law by government bodies in order to save money, economic policies on citizens that influencetheir lives

examples of economic state crimes

cost of living crisis as a result of rising inflation, chernobyl

outline social and cultural state crimes

institutional racism through selective policing, encouragement of stereotypes, ethnocentric curriculums, destruction of native cultures

examples of social and cultural state crimes

selective stop and searching (9x more), US destroying native American land

outline Green and Wards integrated theory

state crimes arise from similar reasoning and motive to street crimes, interaction of opportunity, contro, theory and motivation of offenders

who thought of social conditions in relation to state crimes

Kleman and Hamilton

outline kleman and hamiltons approach to social conditions and state crime

state crimes are more based on obedience than deviance, those in power authorise the corruption,it is routine behaviour to be criminal, victims of crimes are dehumanised and the result is muted

who thought of modernity in reference to globalisation

Bauman

outline Bauman’s modernity

there are features of modern society that make state crime possible such as division of labour (nobody is fully responsible), bureaucratization (dehumanises and demoralises), instrumental rationality (efficiency> following the law) and science and technology to justify the behaviour

who thought of techniques of neutralisation

Cohen and Matza

outline Cohen and Matza’s techniques of neutralisation

crime is relabelled to justify it, stata can do so through denial, condemning and appealing to higher loyalties : “it didn’t happen, if it did happen it is something else, even if it is what you say it is, its justified”

why are state crime serious

states have a lot of power which means the crimes they commit can cause a lot of damage, states also control the law so have a responsibility of adhering to them

why are state crimes so hard to police

states make the law so know the loopholes, there is a lot of denial and justification, corruption and censorship, there are no official statistics or victim surveys, sociologists rely on secondary media based data, primary data can be very hard and dangerous to access (war journalists)

what is the transgressive definition of green crime and who put it forward

Rob White: “any action that harms the physical environment and any creatures that live within it even if no law has been broken“

anthropocentric view

the view and ideology that humans have the right to exploit the environment and other species for their own benefit and well-being

what do marxists say about green crime

it is a crime of the ruling class as it seeks to minimise costs and maximise profits

what are some issues with researching green crime

most research is on case studies which are very specific and cannot be generalised, there are different laws globally which leads to unreliable data, people have different definitions of green crime, difficult to measure

what are the two types of green crime

primary and secondary

what is primary green crime

crimes that directly harm the environment, laws are rarely enforced, air pollution animal abuse water pollution etc

what is secondary green crime

crime that arises from not following the environmental laws put in place e.g not peaceful protests

provide some AO2 examples of green crime

chernobyl as a result of not following safety procedures, explosion of BP oil rig in gulf of mexico causing 2000 km of eroded shore and species population numbers damaged as a result of forging test results, southern water dumping the equivalent of 7 years straight of waste into the sea rather than disposing of it properly

what did Beck say about green crime and risk society

human activity has heightened the risk of natural disasters to occur which is am example of a green crime, e.g more carbon emissions in the atmosphere causes global warming

what and how are the 4 perpetrators of green crime according to Wolf

individuals as a cumulative through littering and consumption, private businesses through waste disposal and business deals, government through lack of policy and warfare, organised crime groups through lacking contracts and not adhering to laws

what are the victims of green crime according to Potter

the poor and least powerful feel the worst effects

how is green crime and globalisation linked

green crime is easier to commit due to globalisation, borders blur laws

evaluate green crime

recognises interdependence, lack of consensus on crimes and more focus on specific cases, more focus on harm than criminality, often interpreted subjectively

evaluate state crime

human rights can be seen as ethnocentric, transgressive definition is way to broad, some argue certain crime is not state crime so definition can be hard to make