(7)LTM: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on encoding, retrieval, and consolidation in long-term memory.

Effective Encoding

Strategies used to enhance the ability to store and recall information.

Elaboration

A process of connecting new information to existing knowledge.

Retrieval Practice

The act of recalling information to improve memory retention.

Retrieval Cues

External prompts that aid in recalling information.

Contextual Cues

Environmental factors that influence retrieval of memories.

Mood Congruence

The effect of mood on the ability to recall memories consistent with that mood.

Transfer-appropriate Processing

The idea that memory retrieval is improved when the type of processing at encoding matches the type of processing at retrieval.

Free Recall

Recall of information without cues or assistance.

Cued Recall

Recall of information with the aid of retrieval cues.

Self-generated Cues

Cues created by an individual to facilitate recall.

State-dependent Learning

Better recall when in the same state or condition as during encoding.

Encoding Specificity Principle

Memory retrieval is more effective when the context at retrieval matches the context at encoding.

Consolidation

The process by which memories stabilise after initial acquisition.

Synaptic Consolidation

Fast structural changes at synapses related to memory.

Systems Consolidation

Slow reorganization of neural circuits over time.

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

An increase in synaptic strength following repeated stimulation.

Mnemonics

Memory aids that enhance the ability to recall information.

Decoding

The process of interpreting and making sense of information.

Encoding Variability

The idea that varied encoding makes retrieval easier.

Context Reinstatement

Restoring the context or environment present during encoding to aid retrieval.

Tachistoscope

A device used to present stimuli quickly to study perception and memory.

Interference Theory

The idea that memories can interfere with the recall of other memories.

Retrieval-induced Forgetting

The phenomenon where retrieving certain memories causes the forgetting of others.

Jacoby's Study

Research demonstrating the impact of context on memory performance.

Ozubko Study (2011)

Research questioning the effectiveness of cued recall compared to free recall.

Mantyla Study (1986)

Research showing the benefits of self-generated cues in recall.

Multi-Trace Model

The theory that memories become distributed across different brain regions rather than being solely reliant on the hippocampus.

Behavioral Memory

Observable changes in behavior that indicate learning or memory.

fMRI Amplitude

Measurement of brain activity used to assess memory processes.

Cortical Activation

Patterns of brain activity associated with memory recall.

Remote Memories

Memories from distant past that may involve different retrieval processes.

Recent Memories

Memories from the near past that are typically easier to retrieve.

Memory Vividness

The clarity and richness of a memory during recall.

Neural Circuit Reorganization

The process involved in the long-term changes of neural pathways associated with memory.

Dissociation in Memory Recall

The separation of retrieval processes for different types of memories.

Experiment by Gilboa et al. (2004)

Study showing the hippocampus is active during the recall of both recent and childhood memories.

Standard Model of Memory

The traditional view that attributes memory consolidation primarily to the hippocampus in the beginning.

Active Retrieval

The process of engaging in memory recall through cognitive effort.

Consolidation Stages

Sequential processes that memories undergo from formation to stable retention.

Declarative Memory

Memory of facts and events that can be consciously recalled.

Episodic Memory

The type of memory that involves recollection of personal experiences.

Semantic Memory

The type of memory that involves the recall of factual information.

Visual Imagery

Creating mental images to aid in memory encoding.

Verbal Rehearsal

Repeating information verbally to enhance retention.

Organizational Strategies

Methods used to systematically arrange information for better recall.

Association Technique

Linking new information to familiar concepts to aid memory retention.

Cognitive Load

The amount of mental effort being used in working memory.

Memory Reconsolidation

Updating or modifying existing memories during retrieval.

Cue-Dependent Forgetting

The inability to retrieve information due to a lack of appropriate cues.

Verbal Cues

Words or phrases that evoke memory recall.

Contextual Learning

Learning that occurs in relation to the physical environment.

Study Conditions

The specific circumstances under which learning occurs.

Activation Pattern

Specific mapping of brain activity during memory tasks.

Working Memory

The temporary storage and manipulation of information for cognitive tasks.

Cognitive Psychology

The study of mental processes including perception, memory, and reasoning.

Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to modify its connections and rewire itself through experience.