Chapter 5: History and Structure of American Law Enforcement

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms related to American law enforcement as discussed in Chapter 5.

Fragmentation

The lack of coordination and regulation among various law enforcement agencies in the U.S. that operate largely independently at local, county, state, and federal levels.

Civilianization

The process of replacing sworn police officers with nonsworn personnel for specific positions in law enforcement departments.

Municipal Police Department

City-based police departments that control crime, maintain order, and provide emergency response, making up 70% of all police departments.

County Sheriff Departments

Law enforcement agencies that provide services countywide, headed by elected officials known as Sheriffs.

State Police

Agencies that have statewide police powers for traffic regulation and criminal investigation, often supplementing local law enforcement.

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

Agencies that operate under federal jurisdiction with specific responsibilities, not dealing with everyday local disturbances.

Special District Police

Law enforcement agencies serving specialized populations or areas, such as universities, transportation systems, and tribal lands.

Civilian Employees

Non-sworn personnel in police departments who handle administrative roles, allowing sworn officers to focus on critical police duties.

Sworn Officers

Law enforcement personnel authorized to carry firearms and make arrests, distinguishing them from civilian employees.

Cost of Policing

The total annual expenditure on law enforcement in the U.S., estimated at $120 billion, which is a significant portion of city budgets.