APWH Vocab 5.3-5.7

5.3) Industrial Revolution Begins 5.4) Industrialization Spreads 5.5) Technology in the Industrial Age 5.6) Industrialization: Governments Role 5.7) Economic Development and Innovations

Textiles

woven fabric made from fibers like cotton or wool

Spinning Jenny

invented by James Hargreaves in the 1760s; allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time

Water Frame

invented by Richard Arkwright in 1769; it utilized waterpower to drive the spinning wheel for spinning yarn

Factory System

a method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building; Arkwright's invention, the water frame, made production more efficient than one person's labor which influenced the transition of production from homes to factories

Agricultural Revolution

a period of change in agriculture where traditional farming methods were improved with new technology that increased food production, leading to increased population

Crop rotation

agricultural practice to rotating different crops in and out of a field each year to improve soil fertility, reducing the need to leave fields fallow (unplanted) to maintain nutrients

Seed drill

agricultural device that efficient places seeds in a designated spot in the ground, planting process is speedier and more precise

Industrial Revolution

a period beginning in the late 18th century characterized by a transition from agrarian to industrialized economies, fueled by new technologies and production changes; resulted in changing social structures, increased population & life expectancy, and greater capital accumulation

Industrialization

the process of increasing mechanization of production

Cottage industry

a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes rather than in factories; common in preindustrial societies when Britain used this system to produce cloth

Eli Whitney (1765-1825)

an American inventor known for inventing the cotton gin and the interchangeable parts for firearms; his inventions would influence the development of industrial systems like division and specialization of labor

Interchangeable parts

invented by Eli Whitney and originally for firearms, individual parts of an entire system could be replaced with an new, identical part if it's broken

Division of labor

a system defined by division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers

Specialization of labor

a system where workers can be trained and focused on one type of task for quicker production across a labor team

Assembly line

extension of division of labor where a series of workers or machines work on the production process of an item in succession, one stage to another until its complete

Enclosure Movement

series of British legislative acts that transformed common land to private land that were bought by landowners, which forced many of the rural farmers out to urban areas

Capital

money for investment

Raw materials

the basic material from which a product is made

Trans-Siberian Railroad

network of railways spanning over 9,000 kilometers constructed in the late 19th century that connected Moscow in Eastern Europe to Vladivostok near the Pacific Ocean; facilitating industrial growth in Russia by allowing trade, especially with East Asian countries, to be conducted easier

Manufacturing

the process of making a raw material into a finished product through labor, machinery, etc; played crucial role in economic growth of many states during the Industrial era

Company rule

period of rule by the British East India Company (BEIC) over parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1757-1858; affected Indian ironworks industry with British-imposed taxes and closure of mines

Coaling stations

stations where steam-powered locomotives or steamships can stop to refuel for operation

Transcontinental Railroad

a U.S. railroad completed in 1869 that connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

Steam engine

a machine invented by James Watt in 1765 where burning fuel (like coal) creates thermal energy, steam, which is converted into mechanical energy to power machinery in textile factories and later, trains and boats

Steel

an alloy of iron and carbon known for its high tensile strength and durability; advances in production allowed for improvements in construction and manufacturing during Industrial Revolution

Oil

a liquid fossil fuel derived from plant and animal remains; products like kerosene and gasoline can be extracted to use for things like heating, engines, and vehicles

First Industrial Revolution

started in Great Britain in the late 18th century; centered around three main focuses: textile machines (spinning jenny, water frame), steam power, and iron production

Second Industrial Revolution

occurred primarily in the U.S., Great Britain, and Germany during the late 19th and early 20th century with focuses on steel production, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics

Mamluks

former Turkish slaves who formed a military class, had some control over Egypt since the 13th century and in conflict with the Ottomans

Zaibatsu

Japanese large family-owned business conglomerates (companies that hold ownership to many smaller, diverse industries)

Automatic loom

allowed clothes to be made at a faster rate and changed bobbins automatically without stopping; what was originally sold by the Toyota Loom Works (est. 1906), and then transfromed into the company we know today: Toyota Motor Company

Meiji Restoration

change in political structure of Japan beginning in 1868 where imperial power was restored to the emperor by overthrowing the shogun and ending feudal rule as an adoption to some Western ideas; beginning of modernization and industrialization of Japan

Charter Oath

document consisting of 5 articles issued in 1868 by Emperor Meiji in Japan listing the principles of the new government after the end of the Tokugawa shogunate; reflected many Western ideas such as support for industrialization and democractic ideas with a constitutional monarchy

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking

a British-owned bank and transnational company opened in its colony of Hong Kong in 1865 which focused on finance, corporate investments, and global banking

Corporation

a business chartered by a government (given formal permission to operate by the government) as a legal entity owned by stockholders

Stockholders

individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company through a stock market

Bessemer Process

a process that made steel production more efficient; used to create a monopoly in the German steel industry under Alfred Krupp of Essen