exam 2 seedless plants

sporopollenin

a tough polymer in spore walls that protects them from enviroment

alternation of generations

• Plants have a life cycle with two multicellular stages:

  Gametophyte	Haploid (n)	Produces gametes
  Sporophyte	Diploid (2n)	Produces spores by meiosis

Fertilization produces a zygote, which develops into the sporophyte.

Multicellular plant embryos develop from zygotes that are retained within the tissues of the female parent

traits of plants

Alternation of Generations

Walled Spores in Sporangia

Apical Meristems

Multicellular Gametangia

Male gametangia

 produce sperm in antheridia

Female gametangia

 produce eggs in archegonia

sporophyte

a stage in plant life cycle

2n

Produces spores by meiosis

producing spores from which the gametophyte arises

gametophyte

aa stage in plant life cycle

Gametophyte

Haploid (n)

Produces gametes

makes eggs via mitosis

apical meristem

• growth tissue found at the tips of plant roots and shoots, responsible for increasing length through rapid cell division

• Cells from the apical meristems differentiate into various tissues

• This enables roots and shoots to elongate…increasing access to resources

cuticle

waxy layer covering epidermis of leaves and stems, prevents water loss

vascular tissue

composed of xylem and phloem,

that transports water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the organism.

rhizoids

root-like structures that anchor plant to moist surfaces

gametangia

sites where gametes (sperm and eggs) are developed

crucial for sexual reproduction,

with male structures called antheridia producing sperm and female structures called archegonia producing eggs

antheridia

haploid, male reproductive organs

produce and store motile sperm cells, releasing them into the environment to fertilize female archegonia

archegonia

haploid, female reproductive organs

It produces haploid egg cells, and after fertilization, the zygote becomes diploid (2n) and grows into the sporophyte

sporangia

specialized organ that produces, stores, and releases reproductive spores, the thing that holds spores

usually sac or capsule

seta

stalk that elevates the capsule/sporangia to aid in spore dispersal

capsule

A sac or receptacle that produces and stores asexual or sexual spores.

sporangium is capsule

xylem

vascular tissue

transports water and minerals from roots to shoots

comprises tracheids and vessels

phloem

vascular tissue

transports sugars from sources to sinks
comprises sieve tube members and companion cells

microphylls

small leaves with a single unbranched vein

megaphylls

large, complex fronds

sporophylls

modified leaves that bear sporangia

sori

clustered groups of sporangia underside the sporophyll

strobili

groups of sporophylls

cone like

homosporous

when sporangium make one type of spore (bisexual gametophyte) that becomes wither egg of spore

heterosporous

when there are two types of sporangium, megasporangium and microsporangium. Megasporangium makes eggs, microsporangium makes spores

megaspores

created by megasporangium

develops into female gametophyte

produces eggs via mitosis

microspores

created by microsporangium

develops into male gametophyte

produces sperm via mitosis