Advanced History - Sem. 2

What effect did the scientific discoveries have on European scholars in the Age of Enlightenment?

Logic and reason can solve any problem; There is a mathematical order to the universe

What contributions did women make during the Enlightenment?

Salons; Advocating for women to enter male dominated fields; Writing in detail about the inequalities between men and women

Compare and contrast the views of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke in regards to the Social Contract? (Make sure to include names of their works)

Hobbes (Leviathan) - 1651; Negative view on humans; Order can only happen when an all powerful government exists (absolute monarchy); People must give up all rights so that government can maintain order; Influenced by the horrific English civil war; Cannot break social contract

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Locke (Two Treatises on Government) - 1693; Positive view on humans; People are automatically guaranteed the rights to life, liberty, and property; Government exists to protect those rights; If government does not uphold these rights, then people have the right to overthrow the government; Influenced by William and Mary, English Bill of Rights; Can break social contract

Differentiate between the geocentric and heliocentric theories of the universe (include authors of each theory)

Geocentric Theory – Earth centered; The earth is at the center of the universe and all celestial bodies revolve around it (Ancient Greek philosophers; The Church)

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Heliocentric Theory – Sun centered; The sun is at the center of the universe and all celestial bodies revolve around it (Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler, Brahe)

Where was the center of Enlightenment thought?

Paris, France

What were the five beliefs of philosophes during the Enlightenment?

Reason, Nature, Progress, Liberty, Happiness

How did European philosophes view women? How does this compare to their overall beliefs?

Did not favor granting rights to women (suffrage, etc…)--Wrote about improving the lives of people; Shows contradiction

Describe the view of Nicolas Copernicus as it relates to planetary motion:

Studies the universe for years and put into writing the movements of the planets; (Heliocentric theory); Only published these writing in the last year of his life to avoid the wrath of the Church

List the order correct chronological order of the rulers of France during the French Revolution:

Louis XVI→Robespierre→Napoleon→Louis XVIII

Describe the makeup of the three estates of France under the Old Regime? How were decisions usually made by the Old Regime?

1st Estate–Religious leaders (1% of the population)

2nd Estate–Nobility (2% of the population)

3rd Estate–Everyone else (97% of the population)

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Each estate had one vote no matter the size; Therefore the first and second estates could always outvote the 3rd estate. Minority had control over the majority

Describe the makeup of people within the Third Estate? Who would have been most likely to embrace Enlightenment ideas

Doctors, lawyers, businessmen (upper middle class)--Would have been more responsive to Enlightenment thought

Which group of people were most often the victims during the Reign of Terror

The 3rd estate (peasants)

How did the Revolution affect Maximilien Robespierre and Napoleon Bonaparte

Each gained power during the French Revolution

List the reasons why Napoleon was popular in France:

Brought back the Catholic Church; Granted amnesty to Emigres who fled France during the Revolution; Success in expanding France; Code of laws; Military commander

List the reasons why the French Revolution became radicalized:

September Massacres; Execution of Louis XVI; Storming of the Tuileries; Great Fear

What was the goal of Napoleon’s Continental System?

Cut off Britain from the rest of Europe (blockade)

List which philosophers that are associated with Capitalism:

Adam Smith–*The Wealth of Nations* (1776)

David Ricardo–*Principles of Political Economy and Taxation* (1817)

Thomas Malthus–*An Essay on the Principle of Population* (1798)

Explain the conditions on why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain:

Political stability; All areas are within 50 miles of water; Rivers, harbors for transportation; Natural Resources

What was produced by the first factories in Britain?

Textiles (cloth)

Describe the role that "interchangeable parts," "division of labor," and "specialization" played in the Industrial Revolution.

Allowed for mass production of goods

Describe the enclosure movement and the effect it had on the Industrial Revolution

Fencing off public land for private use; Forced many people to give up a rural lifestyle (no place for livestock) →Forced them to cities; However, as large farms developed, it allowed for more experimentation and mass production of food

What effect did the Industrial Revolution have on the working class?

Eventually led to the growth of the middle class( as unions gained more power)

Describe the effects of industrialization on urbanization:

Overcrowded cities; Widespread crime and fires; Poverty; Diseases and poor sanitation (lack of fresh water)

Describe the outcome of the Berlin Conference on the settlement of Africa:

Led to a systematic division of territory among European powers in Africa

What were the reasons for European imperialism in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

Access to new markets, new raw materials, Social Darwinism, racism, improved methods of transportation

Describe the outcome of the Sepoy Mutiny:

India came under complete control of the British

What role did geopolitics play in British imperialism?

Allowed the British to take the Suez Canal

Why would countries benefit from assimilation in imperialism

Would force the locals to adopt the European country’s culture, government, way of life

Describe the reasons behind the Armenian Genocide by the Ottoman Empire:

Ottomans believed the Armenians were supporting the Russians during their invasion

Why was the Balkan peninsula described as the "powder keg" of Europe?

Nationalism was prevalent in this area; New countries were formed and ethnic groups wanted to carve out territory from existing empires.

What were the major reasons for propaganda during World War I? Which themes did most posters center on?

To get the public to “buy-in” to the war effort and commit themselves to the war effort; Nationalism, enlistment, rationing, economic/financial

Describe the conditions most soldiers found in trench warfare:

Constant attacks, new weapons of war, little sleep, little food, stalemate, little advancement

Describe the reasons why Russia withdrew from World War I with emphasis on the actions of Vladimir Lenin.

After Lenin seized power, he immediately pulled Germany out of the war by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany

List the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles?

Germany must admit to a “war-guilt” clause, must pay reparations, limit size of military, never have troops in Rhineland, loss of territory world-wide

Describe the reasons for the Schlieffen plan? Describe why the plan was a failure and what effect the failure had on Germany fighting the war:

Germany expected a two-front war; Germany got bogged down in Belgium and then were stopped at the First Battle of the Marne; Forced Germany to fight a two-front war for the majority of the time

What experience did most European women have during the war?

Served as battlefield nurses, worked in factories during the war, led rationing, took care of families

For what reasons did the United States declare war?

Germany had resumed unrestricted submarine warfare; Zimmerman Note between Germany and Mexico

What steps did Adolf Hitler take to remove the Jewish population from Germany?

1st–wanted Jews to emigrate out of Germany → Nuremberg Laws → ghettos → concentration camps

Why were the Nazis defeated at the Battle of Stalingrad?

Didn’t take the city before the Russian winter set in; Russians led a counter-attack over the ice and surrounded the Germans

What role did appeasement play in allowing Hitler and Mussolini to gain power in Europe

Made it clear to Hitler that the Allies were not going to do anything to stop him; Allies were scared another world war would start

What was the difference in approach between Stalin and Franklin Roosevelt/Churchill in attacking Europe?

Stalin immediately wanted an invasion of Europe across the English Channel to open up a second front; Roosevelt/Churchill favored moving up through the southern Europe

Why did Stalin sign the nonaggression pact with Hitler?

Upset that he wasn’t invited to the Munich Conference; Didn't want to deal with Hitler immediately.