Human development exam 4

Early adulthood age:

20-40 years old

Age of emerging adult:

17-25 years old

Important parts in Emerging adulthood

• academic achievement

• Friendships

• Social conduct

• Work

• Romantic relationships

Young adult good tasks:

• Economic independence

• Personal responsibility

• Occupation

• Commitment

• Lifestyle choices

• Intimate partner selection

• Reproductive choices

• Health & Wellness

Physical development: early adulthood

Start the Aging Process

Senescence- biological aging and loss of our cells power to grow and divide

• not a predictable process

What is Primary Aging?

Normal body decline, biological changes that are universal and inevitable.

Ex. Greying hair, muscle mass decrease, etc.

What is Secondary Aging?

Age related changes that are influenced by environment, health habits, or disease

Ex. Obesity, type II diabetes, etc.

Socioeconomic status plays a role!

At what age do you experience spinal decompression?

by 40 years old

Physical changes in the Musculoskeletal system: Young adulthood

Muscle mass and strength peaks mid 20-30s

Reproductive: Young adult

Women: fertility peaks around 25, menopause in 50s

Men: fertility declines but remains intact

Brain and nervous system changes: Young adulthood

Frontal Lobe Growht:

Finishes developing around 25

• in charge if emotional regulationn, logic, and thinking.

• Increases processing and organization

• Increase in inhibition

Frontal lobe regulation of the limbic system: Young adulthood

Limbic system deals with 3 functions

1. Emotions

2. Memories

3. Arousal (or stimulation)

Brain and nervous system changes: mid-late 20s

• IQ score and memory skills stay stable

• Synapses $& neurons, “firing rate”

  • slowing of the firing rate

  • Slower reaction time

  • Slower recovery within environment & exercise

  • Slower to return to baseline

Cognitive changes: Young adult (Piaget)

Formal Operational Stage

• Logical reasoning

• Systematic problem solving

• Starts in adolescence but continues into adulthood

Post for Al Thought: Young adulthood

The ability to have a more comprehensive approach to problem solving

What is relativism? (Kholberg & Perry)

Principle that some proposition are neither true or false

• Evaluated opinions / ideas based on underlying assumptions

Contextual Validity: Young adulthood

Learning how to solve a problem associated with social roles and occupations

Reflective Judgement

Identify underlying assumptions and differing perspectives on controversial issues

• knowledge is based on evaluations of evidence across contexts and on the opinions of trusted sources

Ex. What is the best way to treat depression?

• look at multiple medical studies

Dialectical Thought

Our ability to deal with problems that are “fuzzy” or “grey”

Ex. Can you love and hate someone at the same time?

• not white or black

What is crystallized intelligence?

Stored knowledge that accumulates over time/ daily tasks

Ex. Getting in the car and putting it into drive… you don't think about it

What is Fluid Intelligence?

Ability to process new information, learn and problem solve

• rooted in basic cognitive abilities

• declines with aging

Post-secondary Education:

Traditional Students

• enroll in school full-time directly after high school

• Most often bachelors degrees

Non-Traditional Students:

• may delay entry

• More often the 2-year route

• Part time enrollment

• Often have financial, family demands outside of school

Developmental Benefits to Post-Secondary Education:

• Socialization opportunities

• Higher aspirations

• Potential for increased earnings/opportunities

Health Habits for Young Adults

7 Good Habits

• regular exercise

• Regular sleep

• Eating breakfast

• No smoking

• No alcohol

• Balanced food intake

• Limited unhealthy snacks

Impact on Healthy Habits: young adult

Social support is IMPORTANT

• sense of control

• Locus of control: belief about the causes of events

  Internal: individual able to influence an event

  External: events controlled by others or chance/luck

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI’s)

Most common in ages 15-24 years old

• women are more susceptible to long term damagee

Possible to not display symptoms when STI’s is present

PREVENTION:

• education

• Condom

• Screening programs

• Immediate treatment if detected

• Notify sexual partners if + for STI

What are types of Bacterial STI?

• chlamydia

• Gonorrhea

• Syphilis

Untreated bacterial infections = pelvic inflammatory disease & Infertility

What are types of Viral STI’s?

• Genital Herpes

• Human papillomavirus (HPV)

• * increased risk for cervical cancer in females

• HIV/AIDS

HIV / AIDS

Human Immunodeficiency Virus: transmitted by contacting infected bodily fluids (body fluid to body fluid)

Destroy T Cells

Modes- mom to baby, unprotected sex, dirty needles, etc.

• antiretrovirals can have significant impact

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): most severe stage of HIV

Symptoms:

• flue-like

• Fatigue

• Weight loss

• Frequent & difficult to treat

• NO CURE

Intimate Partner Abuse

Physical or psychological acts intended to intimidate or harm a partner

• causes of intimate partner abuse:

  • cultural attitudes (women as property)

  • Gender-role prescriptions (men=absolue authority)

  • Personality traits

Abuse Cycle

1. Tension building

2. Incident

3. Reconciliation

4. Calm

Characteristics of Abuser:

• need for partner dependency & control

• Very jealous

• Substance abuse

• High aggression

• History of abuse in childhood

Characteristics of Victims:

• often abused as children

• Higher rates in younger women (16-24)

• Substance abuse

Effects of partner abuse:

Anxiety, depression, PTSD, or children are more often to become victims or abusers

• sexual abuse: mental health issues, higher risk for STI

• PREVENTION IS IMPORTANT

  • education on recognition

  • Its a law in Ohio to report suspected abuse

  • Education on date rape drugs

  • Reduce stigmas

Mental Health in Early Adulthood:

Period of Highest Expectations!

• highest levels of role conflict and role strains

Role Conflict:

Two or more roles are partially incompatible and call for different behaviors

Role Strain:

Stress that occurs when you lack the resources, qualities, or skills to fulfill a role

Substance Use in young adulthood:

Alcoholism and drug peaks

• higher in Men than Women

Binge Drinking = 5 or more drinks in one occasion

Substance Abuse:

Continuous use of a substance that interferes with psychological, occupational, educational, and social functioning

Psychological Dependence

The emotional & mental effects of stopping a drug (anxiety)

Physiological Dependence

Removal of the substance causes withdrawal symptoms (tremors, delirium, shock)

Early Adulthood 2 Eriksons:

Intimacy Vs. Isolation

Eriksons Intimacy vs Isolation:

Intimacy: The capacity to engage in a supportive, affectionate, relationship without losing sense of self.

Tasks- intimate relationships, reproduction, co-dependency

Isolation: failure to establish intimate relationship that are adequate.

• may be due to unresolved previous stage (identity confusion)

Levinson’s Stages Early adulthood 2:

Life structures are roles & relationships a person occupies!

• conflicts and balance among them all

Levinson’s Three Phases to a New Life Structure:

1. Novice:

   • when you enter into a required new lifestyle (figuring things out/)(Adjustment phase)

2. Mid-Era:

   • become more competent at meeting new challenges (reassessment/reorganization)

3. Culmination:

   • have succeeded in creating a life structure that allows for management of the new life (stability phase)

Emerging Early Adult 2: Transitions

17-22 years old

• begin to have an adult life structure

• requires physical separation from family

• modifying/terminating friendships from adolescence

• complete education or start occupation

• make preliminary plans for adult life

Kholbergs” Stages Emerging & Early Adulthood:

Conventional

• I obey rules.laws because its good for society

Post Conventional

• what’s good for me may not be good for others

  • attempt to understand all perspectives

• individual right & social contract

• universal ethical principles

Fowlers Stage 4:

Individuating-Reflexive

• continued searching and comparing religions

• critical reflection on own beliefs

• accept a belief system

Intimate Partner Selection:

Evolutionary Theorists:

• idea that humans are driven toward survival

• partner selection is innate but selective

Social Role Theory (Eagly & Wood):

• drawn to those who are similar to them

  • education

  • age

  • social, ethnic, religious groups

  • attitudes

  • beliefs

• Assortative mating or homogamy

  • partners are more likely to last

Sternbergs Theory of Love:

3 Key Components:

1. Intimacy- feelings that promote closeness

2. Passion- feelings of intense longing

3. Commitment- dedication of maintaining relations

7 Types of Love!!!

Consummate Love

Combination of 2-3 of these things:Intimacy + passion+ and commitment

Infatuated Love:

High on Passion ONLY

Fatuous Love:

High on passion and commitment

Empty Love:

High on commitment ONLY

Compassionate Love:

high on intimacy and commitment

Romantic Love:

High on Intimacy and passion

Liking/Friendship Love:

High on intimacy ONLY

Cohabitation:

Two Types of Cohabiting Couples:

• Fully Committed - future marriage, and committed to partner

• Ambiguous Relationships - high intimacy and passion but low commitment

Marriage:

More than 2 million formal weddings each year!!

• divorce rate 44.2%

Influences on Martial Status:

• security of partners attachment to his/her family

• personality characteristics

• levels of intimacy, passion, and commitment

• emotional bonds influencing patterns of interactions

Couple Conflict:

Management of conflict is an important predictor of relationship quality

• ability to maintain relationship

Validating Couples:

have disagreement but rarely let them escalate

• express mutual respect and listen to each other

Volatile Couples:

Squabble a lot, don’t listen BUT more positive than negative with high levels of laughter and affection

Avoidant Couples:

Conflict Minimizers

• agree to disagree

• no apparent resentment

Unsuccessful Conflict Approaches:

Hostile/Engaged - frequent arguments with no balancing forces of humor and affectinate

Hostile/Detached - fight regulars and lack of affection/support

Couples are likely to dissolve/divorce

Divorce:

Source of greatest stresses in an individual’s life

• consequences of…

  • increased physical and mental stress/illness

  • economic hardships (esp. for women due to children)

• family roles shift…

  • remarriage may prolong childbearing/childrearing years

  • psychological impacts on children

Singlehood:

Many adults are choosing to be single by Preference

• participate in intimate relationships without cohabitation or marriage

• close friends play prominent role in social networks

• maintain close relationships with family of origins

• growing rates in seen in recent years

Choosing Parenthood:

most parents consider becoming a life enriching, life changing event

• change in life structure, is still stressful

Marriage/Relationship satisfaction peaks before childbirth, declines after birth, and increases once children leave the home

• Single Parents: high burden, and more loss of life satisfaction

Issues in Parenthood:

Transitions to Parenthood is difficult: 24/7 job, division of labor may be unequal, and adjusting to larger family unit

• Personal expectations may differ between partners

• infertility: difficult mentally & physically, and causes a shift in view of parenthood

• family relationships are important to have a successful transition into parenthood

• friendships: contact/context changes

Postpartum Depression:

Symptoms of depression (anxiety, loss of appetite, altered self view, etc.) that persist 3 or more weeks after birth

• longer and more significant symptoms than “baby blues”

• most cases persist for a few weeks

• some can last greater than 1 year

Increased Risk for:

• previous mental health dx

• unplanned pregnancy

• unsupportive partner

• major life stressor

• baby with difficult tempermant

Super’s Model of Occupation

proposes a lifelong, developmental process where individuals, through various stages, explore, establish, and maintain their careers, ultimately expressing their self-concept through their work

Holland’s personality Types & Work Preferences

6 personality types:

1. Realistic (doers)

2. Investigative (thinkers)

3. Artistic (creators)

4. Social (helpers)

5. Enterprising (Persuaders)

6. Conventional (organizers)

Job Satisfaction:

Job Satisfaction is lower early in career

• lowest at mid-career

People whose personalities match their job = satisfied with work

Work environment plays significant roles in satisfaction:

• higher demands for unequal pay

• gender differences in pay

• “silent quitting”- doing the bare minimum

Gender Influences on Roles:

Gender role definitions still designate some jobs

• woman face more disruption in career role

  • childbirth + rearing

  • manage job and family

• women’s mobility is different

  • unequal pay… especially minority women

  • “Glass Ceiling”

Role Conflict:

Situation when 2 or more Roles are partially incompatible

Role Strain:

what you experience when own qualities or skills do not measure up to demands of role

Early Adult Mortality:

Unintentional Injury is number one cause of death

Intentional Injury: Homicide or Suicide

Chronic diseases

Health maintenance + Education

Avoid smoking, alcohol, drugs

balanced diet

regular screening

Immunizations for Early Adulthood:

Tdap (every 10 years)

Influenza (yearly)

Pneumococcal (risk groups)

Hep A & B (risk groups)

Age of Middle Adulthood 1:

40-60

• caretakers of society

• “sandwich generation”

Middle adulthood: Senescence

biological aging and the gradual loss of the cells power to grow and divide

• cell death

• aging related changes: Primary vs Secondary

Middle adulthood: Primary Aging

Biological Changes

• changes in skin/wrinkles

• changes in height

• body deterioration

• changes in vision

• changes in hair

• changes in hearing

Middle Adulthood: Secondary Aging

Influenced by the environment, health habits, or disease

• smoking

• obesity

• socioeconomic status

• sun exposure

Middle Adulthood: Neuro/Cognitive development

• Gradual loss in neurons and processing speed

  • slow and selective

• process sensory stimuli differently

• behavioral choices and mental health affect the brain

• circulatory system health can affect parts of the brain involved with:

  • memory

  • planning

  • processing speed

Episodic Memory

Recall of personal info/events

• best friend from 3rd grade

• house phone number

Semantic Memory:

recall of general facts

• 1+1=2

• Capital of Ohio is Columbus

Memory declines in Middle Adulthood

Middle Adulthood: Gender Health

Men have shorter life expectancy than women!

• men die of CVD more often than women

Women have greater ability to recover from illness/injury

• more likely to suffer from non-fatal chronic illnesses

  • osteoporosis

  • arthritis

Climacteric:

the years of middle adulthood in men and women during which reproductive capacity declines or is lost.

Women: Menopause

Men: Andropause

Middle Adulthood: Male Reproductive

Slow and gradual decrease in Testosterone

• after 40

  • decrease in viable sperm

  • decreased erectile tone

Function remains:

• low fertility levels

Middle Adulthood: Females

Menopause: without a menstrual cycle for 12 consecutive months

• emotional effects - related to severity of symptoms and may experience depression and anxiety

• Treatments - hormone replacement therapy (increases risk for breast and ovarian cancer, but decreases osteoporosis risks)

Osteoporosis:

loss of bone mass with age resulting in more brittle & porous bones

• loss of bone calcium

• females greater risk

• increased risk if small boned or sedentary

Asian cultures have Higher risk of Development

Middle Adulthood: Skin changes

Skin becomes Thinner

• may begin to wrinkle

Subcutaneous tissue thins

Nails thicken

Lentigines - age spots

Hair thinning and greying

Presbyopia:

(40+) - farsighted visual changes

• can’t see things up close

• due to lens thickening and loss of elasticity

• sensitivity to light glare + delayed adaptation

Presbycusis:

(50+) - decline in hearing extreme high/low pitch

• due to degeneration

• “wear & tear”

• frequent exposure to loud noises

Middle Adulthood: Life Expectancy

Varies on Gender & Ethnicity

• asian and hispanic populations have longest lifespan

• black and American Indian and Alaska native have shortest

Life expectancy has declined overall since 2019

Cardiovascular Disease

heart attack is the leading cause of death in middle adulthood

• due to increase in heart disease

Atherosclerosis:

fatty plague buildup in arteries, constricting blood flow to the heart.

Middle Adulthood: Metabolic Change

30% decrease in basal metabolic rate over adulthood period

• increase in sedentary lifestyle unless conscious about exercise

Middle Adulthood: Cancer

2nd leading cause of death

Contributing Factors: smoking, over weight, alcohol, drug-use, diet, etc.

Prevention screening is KEY!

Middle Adulthood: Diabetes

Incidence is growing for all racial groups

• Diabetes is a risk factor for:

  • cardiovascular disease

  • blindess

  • kidney failure

• minorities higher risks than caucasian

• Type 2 diabetes is related to diet and exercise

Middle Adulthood: Alcoholism

Physical and Psychological dependence possible

• long term drinking affects: brain, heart, liver, digestive system