Biomedical Terminology: Unit 2: Chapter 7

Excretory

Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine and excretes hormones, drugs, and toxins (kidney function)

Regulatory

Water balance, electrolyte balance, and Acid/Base Balance (kidney function)

Renin, Erythropoietin (EPO) Calciferol

Endocrine Function (kidney); hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red cells by bone marrow.

Excretory Function

Nitrogenous Wastes (urea, creatinine, uric acid) and other waste producs (h

Voiding

Urination (definition)

Renal Arteries, Arterioles, capillaries, Glomeruli

Blood enters the kidneys through the right and left _______. ____ carry the blood to the ____. _____ filter the blood.

Nephron

Unit in kidney that combines glomerulus and renal tubules to filter blood; where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place

Glomeruli, Glomerular Renal

Blood passes through the _____. _____ (bowman) capsule surrounds each glomerulus. ___ tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule.

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, Tubular Secretion

How Kidneys produce Urine

Water, Sugar, Wastes, salts

Glomerular filtration filters: (4)

Water, sugar, sodium

Tubular reabsorption reabsorbs: (3)

Acids, Potassium, Drugs

Tubular secretion secretes: (3)

Calyces/calices

Small, cuplike regions of the renal pelvis (where kidney stones are made)

Nitrogenous Wastes, Water, Electrolytes, hormones,

Functions of Kidney: Remove ______. Balance ____ and ____. Release _____. Degrade and eliminate ____.

UTI

Cloudy Urine

blood

Smoky-red or brown: Presence of ________ in the urine.

Color, appearance, pH, Protein, Glucose, specific gravity, ketone bodies, sediment and casts, Bilirubin

Tests included in urinalysis: (9)

Pyuria

UTI with Pus

Bacteriuria

Bacteria

Slightly acidic

Urine pH should be __________; alkaline (basic) likely means UTI

Albuminuira

Glomerular membrane leak that allows albumin to pass into urine (protein should not be in urine)

Diabetes

Too much glucose in urine usually indicates _____.

Wastes, minerals, solids

Specific Gravity in a urinalysis looks at how much ___, ____, and ____ is in the urine

Ketonuria

Occurs in diabetes mellitus and starvation when the body does not have sugar

Ketone Bodies

______ accumulate in blood and urine when the body breaks down fat instead of sugar for fuel

Sediment and casts

If positive, there’s presence of abnormal particles such as epithelial cells, WBC, RBC, bacteria, crystals, and casts (cylindrical protein)

Bilirubin

Small amount is normal and gives that yellow color to urine; Large amount of this in urine likely means liver disease.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Rare condition where a newborn baby cannot break down phenylalanine (an amino acid); high levels of this in blood leads to mental retardation

Cytoscopy

Direct visual examination of urinary bladder with an endoscope

Disp/o

Thirst (root)

ultrasonography

Imaging urinary tract structures using high frequency sound waves

Radioisotope Scan

Image of kidney after injecting a radioisotope into the bloodstream

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) urography

A changing magnetic field produces images of an organ and surrounding structures in three planes of the body

cyst/o vesic/o

Urinary bladder (root) (2)

glomerul/o

glomerulus (root)

meat/o

meatus (root)

nephr/o ren/o

Kidney (2) (root)

pyel/o

renal pelvis (root)

trigon/o

trigone (root)

urethr/o

urethra (root)

albumin/o

albumin (root) (protein)

azot/o

nitrogen (root)

bacteri/o

bacteria (root)

kal/o

potassium (root)

ket/o keton/o

ketone bodies (root)

lith/o

stone (root)

natr/o

sodium (root)

noct/o

night (root)

olig/o

scanty (root)

-poietin

substance that forms (suffix)

py/o

pus (root)

-tripsy

to crush (suffix)

ur/o

urea (root)

-uria

urination, urine condition (suffix)

urin/o

urine (root)

calyx calix

cuplike collecting region of the renal pelvis

catheter

tube for injecting or removing fluids

cortex

outer region of an organ

creatinine

nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

electrolyte

chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water

Bowman’s capsule

enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus; also called the glomerular capsule

glomerulus

tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney

hilum

depression in the part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave; comes from the Latin word meaning “a small thing”

meatus

opening or canal

medulla

inner region of an organ; word comes from the Latin Medulla meaning marrow

nitrogenous waste

substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine; examples are urea, uric acid, and creatinine

Potassium

An electrolyte regulated by the kidney (K+)

Reabsorption

Renal rubes return materials necessary to the body back to into the bloodstream

renal artery

blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney

Renal pelvis

central collection region in the kidney

renal tubules

microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration

renal vein

blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney

renin

hormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure

sodium

An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys (Na+)

trigone

triangular area in the urinary bladder

urea

major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

ureter

one of two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

urethra

Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

uric acid

nitrogenous waste product excreted in urine

urinary bladder

hollow muscular sac that holds and stores urine

urination (voiding)

process of expelling urine; also called micturition

angi/o

vessel (blood) (root)

glycos/o

sugar

hydr/o

water

isch/o

to hold back

-ectasis

Stretching, dilation (suffix)

-esis

condition (suffix)

-gram

record (suffix)

-lithiasis

condition of stones (suffix)

-lithotomy

incision for removal of a stone (suffix)

-megaly

enlargement (suffix)

-osis

condition (suffix)

-pathy

disease (suffix)

-ptosis

droop, sag (suffix)

-stomy

new opening (to form a mouth) (suffix)

anti-

again (prefix)

dia-

complete (prefix)

dys-

bad, painful (suffix)

en-

in, within (prefix)