Biology Unit 2B Notes

Mr. Poynton

mouth

food is broken into smaller pieces, saliva moistens food to form bolus; amylase enzyme promotes breakdown of starch to sigars.

pharynx

area behind uvula, bolus moves through __ to esophagus

Esophagus

tube connecting pharynx to stomach, strong muscles propel bolus using peristalsis

stomach 

bolus mixed/ground by strong muscle contraction SL enzymes (pepsin) and HCI acid react to break down protein molecules

liver

produces bile, bile emulsifies fats to promote digestion

emulsifies

syn for “separates into droplets”

gallbladder

storage area for bile produced in liver

Pancreas

produces digestive enzymes, enter small intestine through duct.

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

3 parts of small intestine (first, middle, final, d,j, i )

large intestine

water reabsorption occurs, feces formed.

both 

Mechanical or Chemical Digestion, Both, Or none, MOUTH

none 

Mechanical or Chemical Digestion, Both, Or none, PHARYNX

none

Mechanical or Chemical Digestion, Both, Or none, ESOPHAGUS

both

Mechanical or Chemical Digestion, Both, Or none, STOMACH 

Mechanical 

Mechanical or Chemical Digestion, Both, Or none, LIVER

Mechanical 

Mechanical or Chemical Digestion, Both, Or none,GALLBLADDER 

Chemical 

Mechanical or Chemical Digestion, Both, Or none, PANCREAS

Chemical

Mechanical or Chemical Digestion, Both, Or none, SMALL INTESTINE

none

Mechanical or Chemical Digestion, Both, Or none, LARGE INTESTINE 

Heart

Muscle used to pump blood throughout the body

amylase, lipase, nuclease, protease

What enzymes does pancreas create, (a,l,n,p)

Left 

Pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body. , left or right side of heart? 

Right

Pumps deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs. Left or right side of heart? 

Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

4 chambers of heart

superior vena cava 

a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body (head, neck, arms, and chest) to the right atrium of the heart. 

inferior vena cava 

a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body (legs, abdomen, pelvis) to the right atrium of the heart. 

aorta

the main artery of the body,

aorta

artery supplying oxygenated blood to the circulatory system. (main one)

pulmonary semilunar valve

valve prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle of the heart after it has been pumped into the pulmonary artery. It ensures that blood is directed to the lungs for oxygenation, one of three semilunar valves in the heart, located at the base of the pulmonary artery

Large intestine

Where does water absorption occur?

Large Intestine

where are feces formed?

veins

veins or arteries: bring blood back to the heart

arteries

veins or arteries: bring blood away from the heart

blood 

transports nutrients and wastes to and from all body tissues 

buffy coat

thin, light-colored layer of a blood sample that contains most of the white blood cells and platelets after the blood has been separated through centrifugation

buffy coat 

used in medical research for studying immune responses, DNA extraction, and diagnosing diseases like malaria.

buffy coat 

The size (thickness) of the _____ ___ in a centrifuged blood sample is primarily a visual indicator of the concentration of white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets

arteries 

veins or arteries; much more muscular 

veins

veins or arteries; contain one way valves

pulmonary artery

all arteries except for this one carry oxygenated blood

pulmonary vein

all veins carry deoxygenated blood except for this one?

platelets 

tiny, colorless blood cells that help your blood clot to stop bleeding when you get a cut or injury

platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells 

three blood cells names 

red blood cells

this type of blood cells carry oxygen to body tissues

hemoglobin

name of protein that carries oxygen

red blood cells and white blood cells

this type of blood cells is made in the bone marrow

white blood cells 

this type of blood cell is made in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and also lymph nodes 

F

T or F, there are more red blood cells than white blood cells

T

T or F, there are less white blood cells than red

F

T or F, red blood cells are larger than white blood cells

T

T or F, white blood cells are larger than white blood cells

white blood cells 

This type of blood cell helps w defending the body against infection from microorganisms 

white blood cells 

this blood cell has several types

white blood cells

this type of blood cell engulfs microorganisms, other types produce antibodies

platelets

this type of blood cell helps to form blood clots

blood plasma, buffy coat, blood cells 

blood is separated into these 3 things. Start from top to bottom

red blood cells 

when you are anemic you are low in this type of blood cell 

F

T or F, oxygenated blood is actually blue.

Arteries, veins, capillaries

3 types of blood vessels from thickest to thinnest

capillaries

smallest blood cell

capillaries

one cell layer thick blood vessel

white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets 

blood cells from biggest to smallest 

water

What is blood plasma mostly composed of ? 

sodium chloride, potassium chloride.

blood plasma contains salts, which two types are there

water, salts, proteins, nutrients

list what is in blood plasma (w,s,p,n)

regulation 

the process of controlling body systems to maintain ideal function and homeostasis

Endocrine, Nervous

what two systems does regulation depend on

stimulus

a detectable change in the environment

control center 

Brain/gland that senses stimulus message and decides on a response, sends a message to an effector

effector

organ/gland/muscle that performs an action

response 

any behavior of a living organisms that results from external or internal stimulus 

F

T or F, a stimulus can only be physical

receptor

what is this an example of: brain senses temperature

receptor

syn for control center

neuron

what is this a diagram of

cell body

What is the circle in the middle of the sun shaped thing.

dendrites

what are the fork like things surrounding the cell body

axon 

what the cord like thing going from the star shaped thing.

myelin sheath

what is the layer of fat surrounding the axon called

neuron 

a highly specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.

axon terminal 

end of the cord in diagram

muscle fiber, another neuron, gland cell

these are the three possible “effectors”, (what the axon terminal can latch onto. 

synaptic gap

space inbetween the end of the cord like thing to another “effector cell”; (another neuron, muscle, or gland)

synaptic gap

tiny, fluid-filled space is where neurotransmitters diffuse from the axon terminal to the effector cell to transmit a signal

schwann cell

this cell produces myelin sheath

sodium and potassium

these are the two ions that are used to send messages

nervous system 

nervous system or endocrine system: electrochemical signal 

endocrine system 

endocrine system or nervous system: sends a hormone/chemical message 

negative feedback loop

nerve or endocrine response that corrects or negates stimuli to help maintain homeostasis in the body. 

alveoli 

what is this a diargram of

pulmonary artery

deoxygenated blood goes into the alveoli from the ___

F

T or F, deoxygenated blood goes from the alveoli into the pulmonary artery.

T

T or F, oxygenated blood goes out of the alveoli and into the pulmonary vein

capillaries

the diffusion of 02, CO2, nutrients, wastes, ect. happen here

hormone

chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body

reflex arc

synonym for involuntary movement

nervous system

Which one (endocrine system or nervous system) has a short duration

endocrine system

which one (nervous system, endocrine system) has a longer duration

endocrine system

which one (endocrine system or nervous system) has a slower response time