Overview of Redox and Acid-Base Reactions

What are redox reactions?

Synthesis, decomposition, and single replacement reactions that involve an element becoming an ion and vice versa.

What does the activity series indicate in single replacement reactions?

It shows which metals are more reactive than others, with higher metals being more reactive.

How are acids defined in chemistry?

Acids are chemicals that increase the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution and usually start with hydrogen.

What is a binary acid?

A binary acid does not contain oxygen and is named using the format 'Hydro_______ic Acid'.

What are oxyacids?

Oxyacids contain oxygen from a polyatomic ion and are named based on the ending of the ion: '-ite' becomes '-ous acid' and '-ate' becomes '-ic acid'.

What do bases do in solution?

Bases increase the amount of hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution and are usually ionic compounds with OH-.

What occurs during a neutralization reaction?

Acids react with bases to form water and salt, with salt being an ionic compound produced in the reaction.

What is the general rule for cations and anions in reactions?

Cations replace cations; anions replace anions, or metals replace metals and nonmetals replace nonmetals.

What characterizes combustion reactions?

Organic molecules react with oxygen in a highly exothermic reaction to produce carbon dioxide and water.

What are the states of matter relevant to chemical reactions?

Solid (s), Liquid (l), Gas (g), Aqueous (aq) - where aqueous indicates a substance dissolved in water.

What is a precipitate?

A solid that results from mixing two solutions, which is insoluble in the solution.

How is a chemical reaction described using copper and nitric acid?

Cu (s) + 4 HNO3(l) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O (l) describes the formation of copper nitrate, nitrogen dioxide gas, and water.

What does the reaction 3 Mg(s) + 2 AlCl3(aq) → 3 MgCl2(aq) + 2 Al (s) illustrate?

It illustrates the reaction of solid magnesium with aqueous aluminum chloride to produce aqueous magnesium chloride and solid aluminum.

What happens in the decomposition of potassium chlorate?

2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g) shows solid potassium chlorate decomposing into solid potassium chloride and oxygen gas.

What is the role of coefficients in describing chemical reactions?

Coefficients are not used in describing reactions; they indicate the number of molecules involved.

What is the significance of the state of matter in chemical reactions?

The state of matter can affect the reaction process and may change during the reaction.

What are examples of common acids?

HCl, HNO3, and H3PO4 are examples of acids.

What are examples of common bases?

NaOH and Ca(OH)2 are examples of bases.

What is the outcome of a neutralization reaction?

The outcome is the formation of water and an ionic compound (salt).

What is the general format for naming binary acids?

Binary acids are named using the format 'Hydro_______ic Acid'.

What are the naming conventions for oxyacids based on polyatomic ions?

If the polyatomic ion ends in '-ite', the acid is '-ous acid'; if it ends in '-ate', the acid is '-ic acid'.