Cell Compounds - Organic

Organic molecules always contain …

Carbon

Carbon has … electrons in its outermost energy level.

four

A carbon atom shares electrons with hydrogen forming … bonds

Covalent

Carbon share electrons with other carbons to form …

Rings

Basic unit of organic compounds is called … and repeat over and over to form larger molecules called …

Monomer; polymers

Define dehydration synthesis

The creation of larger molecules through the removal of water.

Define hydrolysis

The breaking apart of polymers, by splitting bonds through the addition of water.

Label a, b, c, and d

a = monomer

b = dehydration synthesis

c = polymer

d = hydrolysis

The four main groups of organic molecules

1. Proteins

2. Carbohydrates

3. Lipids

4. Nucleic acid

Three main functions of proteins (no need for detail)

1. Structural support

2. Movement

3. Metabolic Functions

Examples of structural support (protein name and function or found in)

1. Keratin - hair, nails

2. Collagen - ligaments, cartilage

Example of protein that functions in movement

Actin - enables muscles to contract

4 Elaborations of protein function in metabolic function and name the protein if possible.

1. Enzymes - speed up chemical reactions

2. Antibodies - immobilize pathogens

3. Hemoglobin - carries oxygen in blood

4. Insulin - lowers blood sugar conc.

Protein monomers are called …

Amino acids

There are … amino acids in the human body. … are … amino acids meaning our body … and must be obtained through … . The remaining … amino acids our body …

20; 8; essential; cannot make them; food; 12; can make

Two functional groups inside the amino acid, that is same for every A.A.

1. Amino group

2. Acid group

A.A.’s differ from one another in their … , and there are … different kinds

R-group; 20

Draw and label a generalized model of an amino acid

Amino acids can be linked by … through …

peptide bonds, dehydration synthesis

A peptide bond is … and …

covalent; polar

Draw a dipeptide and label the peptide bond

A long chain of amino acids is a …

polypeptide

When one or more polypeptides assume a unique 3-dimensional shape, it is a …

protein

Four level of protein organization

1. Primary structure

2. Secondary (…)

3. Tertiary (…)

4. Quaternary (…)

Primary structure

Linear sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Secondary structure is when the polypeptide chain takes …

a particular orientation in space.

Secondary structure occurs since … are …, … occurs between … causing the chain … into a … or into … called …

peptide bonds; polar; hydrogen bonding; amino acids; coil up; alpha helix; layers; beta-pleated sheets

Tertiary structure has … between … makes … forming … . Its shape is … by these bonds.

Tertiary structure has different types of bonding (ionic, covalent, hydrogen) between R groups makes the secondary structure forming a 3 dimensional shape. Its shape is stabilized by these bonds.

Quaternary structure is the … of …  

Quaternary structure is the binding of two or more polypeptide chains.

The final shape of the protein is …

very important for its function

When a protein loses its shape, it has … and it …

denatured; no longer functions.

A protein can become denatured by 

High heat, wrong pH, and exposure to heavy metals.

Sources of lead

Toys (crayons), old pipes, old paint, and cosmetics.

Sources of mercury

Light bulbs, batteries, fish, cavity fillings, vaccines.

three functions of carbohydrates

1. Short term energy source, e.g. glucose used in cellular respiration.

2. Storage of energy, e.g. starch in plants and glycogen in animals.

3. Structure, cellulose in plant cell walls.

Carbohydrates is … composed of …

organic molecule; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Carbohydrates have contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same proportion as … with … and … linked to … giving carbohydrates a … property.

water; hydrogen ion; hydroxide ion; carbon; polar.

The empirical formula for a carbohydrate is … where … can be … . For example glucose empirical formula is …

(CH2O)n; n; almost any number; C6H12O6

Monomers of carbohydrates are …

monosaccharides

Polymers of carbohydrates are …

polysaccharides

Three classes of carbohydrates

1. Monosaccharides

2. Disaccharides

3. Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides are … consisting of … and are indicated by …

simple sugars; one molecule; “ose”

Monosaccharides are either … or … arranged in a …

5-carbon sugar “pentose”; 6-carbon “hexose”; ring

Glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same molecular formula but differ in shape and arrangement meaning it is an …

isomer

The forming of a disaccharides from two monosaccharide is an example of …, and the reverse is an example of …

dehydration synthesis; hydrolysis

Polysaccharides contain … number of …

large; monosaccharides

Three common polysaccharides are:

1. Starch

2. Glycogen

3. Cellulose

Starch is the stored form of glucose in … and is a … chain of glucose with … branches

plants; relatively straight; few

Glycogen is the stored form of glucose in … and is a … chain of glucose molecules

animals; highly branched

Cellulose is the … component in … , is a … chain of glucose with … branches

structural; plant cell walls; straight; no

Humans are unable to … cellulose. Cellulose adds … to fecal matter and help prevent …

digest; roughage/mass; colon cancer

The proportion of hydrogen and carbon to oxygen is … in lipids

much greater

Lipids is an … and contain …

organic molecule; carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

lipids are … meaning it is … in water

non-polar; insoluble

Three classes of lipids

1. Neutral fats (triglyceride)

2. Phospholipids

3. Steroids

Neutrals fats or also called a … are formed by linking a … and … and again is an example of …

triglyceride; glycerol; three fatty acids; dehydration synthesis

A neutral fat is called neutral because it is …

non-polar

fatty acids have a … and ends in a ..., and contain … carbon atom per molecule

hydrocarbon; carboxyl group(-COOH), 16-18

Saturated fatty acids have … between carbon atoms, it is “saturated” with … atoms. Are … at room temp. Causes … .

no double bonds; hydrogen; solid; atherosclerosis

Unsaturated fatty acids have … between carbon atoms, and have … hydrogen atoms than saturated fatty acids. It is … at room temp. An example is …

double bonds; fewer; liquid; vegetable oil

Functions of neutral fats

1. Use for long term energy storage

2. Insulates from heat loss

3. Acts as a protective cushion for organs

Phospholipids are an important component of …

cell membranes

Structure of a phospholipid

A glycerol with two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

The phospholipid has a … and … head region and a … and … tail region

polar; hydrophilic; non-polar; hydrophobic

The cell membrane is a … composed of …, with the … facing outwards and the … facing inwards.

bilayer; phospholipids; hydrophilic heads; hydrophobic tails

Steroid “basic skeleton”

4 interconnected rings of carbons

The most common steroid is …

cholesterol

Functions of steroid hormones and examples

1. sex hormones - estrogen and testosterone

2. aldosterone - regulate blood sodium

What are the two “types” of cholesterol and which is good and bad?

high density lipoprotein (HDL) is good and low … (LDL) is bad

Function of nucleic acid

1. Growth and reproduction

Two kinds of nucleic acid POLYMERS and their function

1. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) makes up all living things genomes

2. ribonucleic acid (RNA) used in protein synthesis

The monomer of nucleic acids, and form nucleic acids through …

nucleotides; dehydration synthesis

Nucleotide composition

1. phosphate group

2. pentose

3. nitrogenous base

Four kinds of DNA nucleotides

1. Adenine

2. Thymine

3. Guanine

4. Cytosine