Studied by 1 person
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Does EMDR require eye movement to be effective in treating conditions caused by trauma?
No, eye movement is not required
In cases of war trauma, eye movement is not required
Yes, eye movement is required
In cases of war trauma, eye movement is required
No, eye movement is not required
Suprisingly, it has been found that, in treating some kinds of conditions caused by trauma, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR), does not always need the eye movement component to be effective.
In treatment, who would be most likely assessed by the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS-II)?
Clients with dementia
Clients with personality disorder
Clients with behavioral problems
Clients with depression
Clients with dementia
The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS-II) is used to assess an individual's level of personal and social sufficiency. It is regularly used to assess those with brain injury, dementia, and ADHD.
The other kinds of clients listed are not regularly assessed with this tool.
To which of the following does codependency refer?
The phenomenon of two people being addicted to each other
The phenomenon of being addicted to an addicted person
The phenomenon of two people being addicted to the same substance
The phenomenon of being addicted to a substance
The phenomenon of being addicted to an addicted person
Though the term can refer to various aspects of relational dynamics in substance abuse, the concept of codependency essentially refers to one person being "addicted" to caregiving, supporting, or otherwise engaging in an unhealthy relationship of support for a person who is experiencing substance use issues.
To which of the following does "stress inoculation" refer to?
Reflective adjustment to acute stress
A three-step process to reducing stress
Rapid deescalation of acute stress
In-the-moment debriefing about stress
A three-step process to reducing stress
Stress inoculation refers to the three-step process innovated by Donald Meichenbaum which seeks to deal with stress. First, there is an educational stage where the client monitors themselves, followed by a rehearsal stage in which the learning is applied to practice, and finally, an application stage where the learning is put to use in the real world situation causing stress.
Are treatment plans considered part of psychotherapy notes?
No, unless the treatment plan is changed
No, under no circumstances
Yes, at the discretion of the counselor
Yes, in most circumstances
No, under no circumstances
Psychotherapy notes belong to a special class of clinical documentation. These notes are considered separate documentation in their own right, and treatment planning would not be included.
Which of the following is true about teen suicide?
It is difficult to accurately gauge the seriousness of suicidal ideation
Teens are often not serious about suicidal ideation
Teen suicide is statistically extremely uncommon
Teen suicide is more common among females
It is difficult to accurately gauge the seriousness of suicidal ideation
In any case where suicide is mentioned, the situation should be taken seriously and the appropriate steps taken to ensure safety. While it is true that people use suicidal gestures and statements for a variety of reasons, it is difficult to accurately gauge the seriousness of suicidal ideation, and all such statements must be followed up on and addressed appropriately.
In therapy, what are "exception question"?
Questions that distract clients from their issue of concern
Questions that ask clients when they are not experiencing their issue of concern
Questions that ask clients when they are experiencing their issue of concern
Questions that ask clients their experience about their issue of concern
Questions that ask clients when they are not experiencing their issue of concern
An "exception question" is often asked in brief therapy so that a counselor can know when a client is not experiencing their issue of concern. Such a question could be something like, "When are you not anxious?" The technique puts attention on the fact that the client is not always in a state of dysfunction.
In advocating for clients, what is important to remember about psychotherapy notes?
They are the same as other items in the client's record
They are not considered part of the client's record
They are kept separate from the rest of the client's record
They are to be stored in the same place as the client's record
They are kept separate from the rest of the client's record
Psychotherapy notes are considered part of the client's record overall, but are to be stored separately with another level of security. In advocating for clients, it's important to remember that psychotherapy notes are not always considered part of the overall record for third-party purposes.
What is the most likely result of a negative feedback loop, according to family therapy?
Negative change
Positive change
Homeostasis
Abuse
Homeostasis
Family therapy assumes that families are systems with complicated but identifiable dynamics that define the family's function, dysfunction, and identity. Feedback loops are what the family uses in communicating with itself; positive feedback loops are thought of as resulting in change, while the negative variety does not induce any change at all. Much energy in family systems is devoted to preserving even a dysfunctional status quo or homeostasis.
What does "terminal drop" refer to?
The way dying people breathe
The way physical decline accelerates with approaching end of life
The last five years of life in general
The loss of intelligence in the last five years of life
The loss of intelligence in the last five years of life
Terminal drop refers to a theory about intelligence in older people that states there is a marked decline in intellectual functioning in the last five years of life.
The term does not refer to general physical decline or breathing.
Which of the following is the essence of the "matching hypothesis"?
We tend to choose partners who match our own attitudes
We tend to choose partners who match our mental illnesses
We tend to choose partners who match our level of attractiveness
We tend to choose partners who match our personality type
We tend to choose partners who match our level of attractiveness
The matching hypothesis asserts that when choosing long-term mates, we tend to choose partners who match our overall level of attractiveness.
The matching hypothesis does not assert that attitude, personality type, or mental illness is a factor in matching.
What is androcentric bias?
Bias that excludes women
Bias that excludes men of color
Bias against men
Bias oriented toward men
Bias oriented toward men
"Androcentric bias" is a term that emerged from feminist therapy, which suggests that most therapeutic interventions and theories have at their heart a bias oriented toward men in general.
The term does not necessarily imply that women are excluded, only that the first consideration is that of men.
Which of the following refers to the model in which a recovering addict helps a practicing addict?
Recovery assistance (RA)
Brokered recovery (BR)
Chemical dependency (CD)
True substance alignment (TSA)
Chemical dependency (CD)
The chemical dependency, or CD, model of substance use treatment, is notable due to its use of a recovering addict to help a practicing addict. It is believed, according to this model, that the experience of being an addict is so unique and unknown to those who have not experienced it that a recovering addict is much more helpful in substance use treatment of addicted persons.
What do "overprotective," "avoidant," and "acceptant" all have in common, according to the work of Anne Roe?
They are all types of depression
They are all parenting styles
They are all attachment styles
They are all types of anxiety
They are all parenting styles
According to Anne Roe, there are three parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, and acceptant. Each of these styles has implications for the child's later desire for and ability to have fruitful connections with others and endure relationship stresses such as separation.
What is the paradox of religious and spiritual involvement for clients?
Spirituality reduces stress but can create interpersonal conflict
Spirituality offers benefits but can create strain
Spirituality offers hope but brings on existential doubt
Spirituality helps clients focus but can become addictive
Spirituality offers benefits but can create strain
There is a paradox involved in clients embracing religion or spirituality, or in therapists relying on religious or spiritual content. Though spirituality and religion can offer a number of benefits, the same content can create issues. For example, religion is capable of increasing a client's well being through mood, identification with an other, and marital satisfaction; however, religion can also create anxiety and depression.
Which of the following best summarizes the nature of an approach-approach conflict?
One attractive and one unattractive option are presented simultaneously
Two attractive options are presented simultaneously
Two unattractive options are presented simultaneously
Options are limited and little choice is available
Two attractive options are presented simultaneously
According to Kurt Lewin, an "approach-approach" conflict is one of the classic conflicts that results in inner frustration. In this type of conflict, two attractive options are presented simultaneously; the frustration arising from the dilemma of choice.
Two unattractive options presented simultaneously would represent an avoidance-avoidance conflict. One attractive and one unattractive option would result in approach-avoidance conflict.
What is meant by the concept of "real culture"?
Authentic culture as opposed to advertising culture
The truthful representation of culture and diversity
Original culture as experienced by indigenous populations
All behaviors within a culture, including the unapproved behaviors
All behaviors within a culture, including the unapproved behaviors
The concept of "real culture," which describes all behaviors within a culture including those that are illicit or unapproved, is often counterpoised with the idea of "ideal culture," which refers to how individuals are supposed to behave.
The concept does not expressly address diversity, advertising culture, or indigenous populations.
Which of the following does "dislocated worker" refer to?
A person who lost their job due to company action such as downsizing
Any person who has lost their job in the last year
A person who lost their job due to the industry's loss of prominence
A person who lost their job due to the company wrongly accusing them of misconduct
A person who lost their job due to company action such as downsizing
The term "dislocated worker" refers to a person who has lost their job due to company action such as downsizing or moving locations.
The term does not refer to industry pressures, misconduct on the part of the employee, or job loss within the past year.
Which of the following would be an example of family sculpting?
Family members designing blended family together
Family members creating art together
Family members arranging themselves spatially
Family members designing parenting strategy together
Family members arranging themselves spatially
Family sculpting is a term from family therapy in which, during the course of the family therapy session, family members arrange themselves to reflect their relationships spatially; thus, members who do not feel close would arrange themselves distally and so on.
The term does not refer to art or family design.
Which of the following is generally the most effective reinforcement strategy?
Fixed schedule reinforcement
Variable reinforcement
No reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Variable reinforcement
When reinforcement strategies are used to shape desired behavior, a variable reinforcement strategy tends to be more effective than fixed schedule reinforcement, simple negative reinforcement, or no reinforcement at all.
According to Sigmund Freud, what is the essence of dreaming?
Reprocessing
Distraction
Wish fulfillment
Social recalibration
Wish fulfillment
Sigmund Freud's belief about dreams was that they were the unconscious mind's way of playing out either negative or positive wish fulfilment about events that took place during the day that the dream occurred.
Is a counselor more or less effective when they are of the same gender and ethnicity as their client?
Research shows a negative correlation in this regard
Research supports similarity between counselor and client
Research does not show a correlation in this regard
Research does not support similarity between counselor and client
Research does not show a correlation in this regard
Though the research is not robust, there is no substantial evidence to suggest that counselors are more or less effective with those with whom they share ethnic or gender similarity.
Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between punishment and self-esteem?
Punishment of any kind tends to reduce self-esteem in boys
Punishment of any kind seems to reduce self-esteem in girls
Children can be punished and still have high self-esteem
Children who are punished tend to have mixed self-esteem
Children can be punished and still have high self-esteem
According to research, children can be punished and still have high self-esteem. Where self-esteem seems to be at risk is when children are punished capricously, personally (without separating behavior from person), or without explanation.
Which of the following contexts is necessary for a biopsychosocial interview?
Cultural context
Historical context
Agency context
Treatment context
Cultural context
A biopsychosocial interview will contain many elements of assessment, aimed at establishing as full a picture as possible of the client's situation. A biopsychosocial interview must contain the cultural context in which the client exists as a guide to culturally-informed treatment.
Which of the following is the best description of senile psychosis?
Disconnect from reality brought on by schizophrenia
Dissociation brought on by schizophrenia
Dissociation brought on by age
Disconnect from reality brought on by age
Disconnect from reality brought on by age
Senile psychosis refers to disconnect from reality brought on by age. It may or may not include dissociation, and schizophrenia may or may not be present.
When is it appropriate for supervisors to counsel their supervisees?
At the discretion of the supervisor
When the supervisee signs a waiver
When no other options are present
Under no circumstances
Under no circumstances
Counselors providing supervision to supervisees should not provide actual counseling services under any circumstances.
With which of the following kinds of clients would contracting be most indicated?
Clients who are making excellent progress
Clients who are not making progress
Clients who are terminating therapy
Clients who do not feel the need for therapy
Clients who are not making progress
Contracting with clients is an idea from the school of behaviorism that is used most often when clients are not making progress. A contract between therapist and client would allow the therapeutic relationship to continue with visible, mutually-agreed milestones and benchmarks.
Which of the following would be an example of milieu therapy?
Managing a client's physical environment
Managing aspects of a client's social environment
Managing a client's feelings
Managing a client's whole physical and social environment
Managing a client's whole physical and social environment
Milieu therapy seeks to help clients with their issues by managing the whole social and physical environment in which therapy is taking place; in effect, the management of the milieu amounts to a kind of therapy in its own right.
Which of the following is the best description of confirmation bias?
Accepting supporting information, ignoring conflicting information
Accepting both supporting and conflicting information
Accepting conflicting information, ignoring supporting information
Accepting no information except that which can be confirmed
Accepting supporting information, ignoring conflicting information
Confirmation bias refers to the way people often accept information that supports their pre-existing idea, and ignore that which conflicts with their pre-existing idea. The brain seems to prioritize information that supports existing beliefs.
Which of the following best defines "flight from reality" in counseling?
Resorting to lies to escape current reality
A lack of empathy on the part of the therapist
Resorting to psychosis to escape current reality
Resorting to ending therapy to escape current reality
Resorting to psychosis to escape current reality
In providing empathic clinical counseling, it is important to remember that psychosis is sometimes part of a mind's inability to deal with current difficulties or other issues. This is known as "flight from reality."
Which of the following best defines a group process?
The characteristics of group members
The way in which group material is handled
The content of the group work
The goals of the group
The way in which group material is handled
In group work, a process refers to the way in which group material is handled, such as what to do with the input group members give to the group.
Is the Rosenthal effect an aspect of informal or formal observation, both, or neither?
Informal observation
Neither
Both
Formal observation
Both
The Rosenthal effect suggests that an experimenter's beliefs about an individual can cause the person observed to behave in a certain way and therefore skew experimental data. It applies to both informal and formal ways of observation.
What is circular causality in the context of family therapy?
The notion that issues are "passed" from one family member to another
The notion that issues have multiple origins in family systems
The notion that issues are often contemplated alone in family systems
The notion that issues are ruminated on in family systems
The notion that issues have multiple origins in family systems
In family therapy, the notion of circular causality highlights the idea that, in a family system, presenting issues are often multifaceted and complicated, particularly with respect to their origins. By contrast, linear causality would assume a straight-line progression of causality with easily identifiable antecedents.
Developmentally speaking, who is better at "reading" people?
Girls after adolescence
Girls at any age
Boys at any age
Girls in pre-adolescence
Girls at any age
According to research, girls are more responsive to and better able to "read" the subtle emotional and affective cues in other people. This is true at any age.
To which of the following does congruence refer in therapeutic contexts?
When clients present for the real purpose they desire
When expertise is sufficient to the case
When external and internal states match
When counselors express sympathy
When external and internal states match
Congruence in therapeutic contexts refers to the ability of the counselor to present the client with a unified personality of helping; in other words, the client should always feel that the counselor's external presentation matches their internal state.
Which of the following is most accurate about retired people in terms of modern demographics?
The number of retired women is decreasing
The number of retired people is increasing
The number of retired people is remaining static
The number of retired people is decreasing
The number of retired people is increasing
Owing to well-known and well-established shifts in demographics in modern populations worldwide, people are living to much greater ages. This results in more and more people who are retired living longer and needing psychological services for longer at a more vulnerable time in their lives.
Is a client able to provide informed consent if they have a guardian?
Yes, independently
No, they are excluded from consent processes
No, they cannot provide informed consent
Yes, through their guardian
Yes, through their guardian
The presence of a guardian who acts on behalf of a client means that the client provides informed consent through their representative. However, assent should also be gained in such an instance, which is the client's own approval.
What is the main difference between structured and unstructured groups?
How many people are in the group
The length of the group
The nature of the group work
How open the group is to new participants
The nature of the group work
Groups can be classified into two general categories based on the nature of the work done in the group. In a structured group, there are more exercises and directed activities, and in an unstructured group, there are less.
Why should you not be online "friends" with your client?
It violates confidentiality
It creates a conflict of interest
One can be online "friends" with one's clients
It can lead to dual relationships
It can lead to dual relationships
The biggest reason not to engage in online "friendships" with clients is that the practice can lead to dual relationships. This sort of relationship could compromise the therapeutic work.
Which of the following refers to adaptable, adjustable intelligence?
A-factor intelligence
Crystallized intelligence
S-factor intelligence
Fluid intelligence
Fluid intelligence
Fluid intelligence refers to that element of intellectual functioning that is adaptable to the situation and is more adjustable to circumstances. Crystallized intelligence refers to intelligence that is more fixed and rigid.
Which of the following is a common liability of groups?
Limited therapeutic goals
Too invasive therapeutic goals
Too many therapeutic goals
Lack of appropriate therapeutic goals
Lack of appropriate therapeutic goals
In many groups, particularly those considered "unstructured," one common potential liability is the lack of concrete, appropriate therapeutic goals for the group members. A therapeutic group should have goals, though there is flexibility in exactly how these are formulated and applied.
Can training raise an IQ score?
Yes, where the IQ is 75 or above
No, under no circumstances
Yes, in some circumstances
No, unless the IQ is 75 or less
Yes, in some circumstances
In some cases, training can raise an IQ score; keep in mind that the assertion is that the person can learn skills which can raise their score, not that their brain has changed per se. This ability to change is not dependent on an IQ breakpoint of 75.
Which of the following refers to the "death instinct"?
Minos
Eros
Thanatos
Knossos
Thanatos
Sigmund Freud postulated two compelling forces in the psyche; the death instinct, or "thanatos," and the life instinct, or "eros." Freud believed that all instincts in human beings fell into one of these two classes.
Which of the following is the best short definition of congruence as it applies to counseling?
Behaving like one's true self
Striving for social justice
Doing no harm to clients
Treating equals equally
Behaving like one's true self
Congruence, a term first used in this respect by Carl Rogers, suggests that counselors should attempt to behave like their true selves as much as possible in an attempt to lend genuineness to the therapeutic process and remove affectations that distract from the work at hand.
Which of the following specifically refers to reinforcing small behaviors that approximate the larger and more desirable behavior sets?
Systematic desensitization
Shaping
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Shaping
Shaping refers to the technique of reinforcing small behaviors that approximate the larger and more desirable behavior sets that are the eventual goal.Operant conditioning refers to the general technique of consequencing behavior. Classical conditioning refers to the general technique of pairing things together. Systematic desensitization is the technique of managing response to a feared stimulus by staged exposure.
What is another word for "abreaction" as it is used in counseling?
Concealment
Catharsis
Clarity
Co-optation
Catharsis
Abreaction is the process of releasing repressed emotions by reliving past traumatic events, often resulting in an emotional release or purging. This concept is closely related to "catharsis," a term popularized in psychodynamic therapy to describe emotional cleansing that leads to relief. Both terms describe the therapeutic release of pent-up emotions.
Clarity refers to clear understanding or thought.
Concealment involves hiding emotions, which is the opposite of abreaction.
Co-optation refers to adopting or taking over something for a purpose, which is unrelated to emotional release in therapy.
Which of the following is a downside to group unity?
Conformity
Conflict
Group members leaving
Group members affiliating
Conformity
Human groups, in whatever context, form in various stages. Clinical counseling groups follow these norms, including their negative aspects, such as groupthink and conformity. Thus, too much unity can prevent individual group members from speaking out, or can enforce tacit norms that have not been part of the clinical design of the group.
The other items are not considered downsides to group unity commonly found in therapeutic groups.
Who provides the motivation in motivational interviewing?
The client's support system
The past
The counselor
The client
The client
Motivational Interviewing is a style of clinical interviewing that seeks to aid the client in finding their own motivation for change. This is in contrast to other styles of behavioral interview in which the counselor might be more directive with a change process. It is believed that adherence and commitment to change is better when the motivation for change comes from within the person.
In terms of overall effectiveness, which is more effective, group or individual work?
Group work is more effective for a broader range of clients
Neither group nor individual work is very effective
Group and individual work are similar in effectiveness
Individual work is more effective for a broader range of clients
Group and individual work are similar in effectiveness
Though there is some research to indicate that individual therapy is more effective with depressed clients, across the broad range of clients, group and individual work have similar degrees of effectiveness.
Is the Mental Status Exam (MSE) an aptitude test?
No, as it is arbitrary
No, as it does not indicate potential
Yes, as it addresses sensorium
Yes, as it indicates mental function
No, as it does not indicate potential
The Mental Status Exam (MSE) is a tool used to quickly assess a client's overall level of orientation and mental function. It is not an aptitude test, even though it addresses overall mental function and status of the sensorium.
The MSE is not an arbitrary tool, as it has established method and coverage areas.
How does humanistic therapy support identifying strengths of an individual?
Humanistic therapy addresses specific psychopathologies
Humanistic therapy involves addressing past trauma
Humanistic therapy believes in humans achieving full potential
Humanistic therapy addresses inner conflict
Humanistic therapy believes in humans achieving full potential
It is important in treatment planning for the client to be supported by identified strengths that support their clinical effort. Humanistic therapy, with its focus on the ability of all humans to reach their full potential, is ideal for the finding and use of such strengths.
Humanistic therapy may or may not address past trauma or specific psychopathologies in a given circumstance, but is always characterized by a focus on humans achieving their full potential.
Of the three types of prevention groups, primary, secondary, and tertiary, which is the most individualized?
Secondary
Primary
Tertiary
All three types are alike in this respect
Tertiary
Prevention groups seek to limit the harm of a situation or condition, or prevent such a situation or condition from happening in the first place. Primary prevention seeks to prevent a situation altogether, secondary prevention seeks to prevent a problem from becoming more severe, and tertiary prevention seeks to address an already severe problem from a management perspective.
Of the three, the tertiary prevention group would be the most individualized, as it deals with the individual difficulties present in long-standing, chronic problems.
Do self-help groups such as AA groups require a professional?
No, in most circumstances
Yes, in every circumstance
Only when group members ask for a professional
Only when the group is concerned with substance use
No, in most circumstances
One of the advantages of a self-help group like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is that they can be run without a professional. In many cases, this is expressly part of such a group's identity. Such groups can always ask to consult with a professional, no matter what the subject matter of the group may be.
Which of the following is the best working definition of subtractive empathy?
Empathy that fully understands what the client communicates
Empathy that reduces stress in the client
Empathy that helps cure pathology in the client
Empathy that does not fully understand what the client communicates
Empathy that does not fully understand what the client communicates
Allen E. Ivey suggested that there were different kinds of empathy; subtractive empathy reduces the quality of the therapeutic interaction by not demonstrating a full understanding of what the client is attempting to communicate. Thus, the overall empathy of the situation is reduced.
Subtractive empathy does not reduce stress or cure pathology in clients.
What is "therapeutic surrender"?
The moment when a client begins speaking about their real issues
The moment when a client lets down their guard with someone from a different culture
The moment when a client expects self-disclosure from the counselor
The moment when a client switches to a new culture in therapy
The moment when a client lets down their guard with someone from a different culture
In multicultural counseling, therapeutic surrender refers to the moment when a client from one culture lets down their guard with someone from a different culture. This moment is key to the establishment of trust and productive therapeutic rapport.
The term does not refer to when a client begins to participate in therapy, switches to a new culture, or expects self-disclosure from their counselor.
According to the work of Sigmund Freud, what is the most likely result of trauma?
Retaliation
Confusion
Fixation
Depression
Fixation
According to Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of development, the most likely result of being traumatized is that a person will remain psychologically fixated on that stage, with attendant behaviors and characteristics of personality.
The result of trauma, according to Freud, was not depression, confusion, or retaliation per se.
Which of the following is a valid reason not to use the theory of Carl Rogers in inpatient treatment?
Acute clients will reject Rogerian techniques
There is no reason not to use the theory of Carl Rogers in inpatient treatment
Acute clients will use Rogerian techniques to engage in transference behaviors
Acute clients cannot benefit from Rogerian therapy
There is no reason not to use the theory of Carl Rogers in inpatient treatment
The work of Carl Rogers is often called a humanistic way of mental health treatment. There is no reason why his techniques, which stress genuineness and the value of every person as an individual, should not be used in inpatient settings.
Acute patients may or may not benefit from the use of these techniques, reject them, or use them; they can still be used effectively with the majority of patients.
Which of the following is often true of middle children, according to Adler?
Middle children are often pampered or coddled
Middle children generally "drop out" of family dynamics
Middle children are often in competition with older children
Middle children generally do not compete with older siblings
Middle children are often in competition with older children
Alfred Adler analyzed families and arrived at many conclusions regarding the personality of children according to birth order. His assessment of middle children is that they are often in competition with older siblings and are driven to excel in order to surpass them.
Middle children do not generally "drop out" and are not often pampered or coddled, according to Adler.
In Allen E. Ivey's model of additive empathy, what is being added?
Understanding and awareness
Pathology and misunderstanding
Closure and respect
Rapport and fidelity
Understanding and awareness
Allen E. Ivey suggested that the most desirable level of empathy was additive empathy; that kind of empathy which adds understanding and awareness to the therapeutic situation. In subtractive empathy, there is a lack of empathic understanding, and overall empathy is subtracted from. In basic empathy, a successful communication has been accomplished but little else.
The other items are not what Allen E. Ivey suggested are elements of additive empathy.
What is a caste system?
A system in which the oppressed have access to certain economic tools
A system in which there are superior and inferior members in a formal hierarchy
A system in which rival social groups battle for control of politics
A system in which all goods are held in common
A system in which there are superior and inferior members in a formal hierarchy
Contact with clients often involves contact with other cultures who practice government and society in different ways than one's own. A caste system is one in which there are superior and inferior members in a formal hierarchy. Quite often, these castes are defined economically, such as some castes doing work others will not.
The designation is not primarily due to battles for control, economic tools, or common ownership of goods.
If a group leader addresses the issues of the group as a whole, what is this called?
Upwards intervention
Vertical intervention
Downwards intervention
Horizontal intervention
Horizontal intervention
Horizontal interventions in group contexts are when group leaders address the group as a whole. Vertical interventions are those which address individuals.
"Upwards" and "downwards" interventions are fabricated terms in this context.
When would advice-giving be most appropriate as an intervention?
In meeting with new clients
With long-established clients
When clients are in crisis
With depressed clients
When clients are in crisis
Advice-giving is controversial in counseling, with some saying it is never appropriate and others saying it has its uses. There seems to be a better use for advice-giving when clients are in crisis and there is limited time for the real exploration of feelings. In circumstances where insight therapy relying on exploration of one's emotions is important, advice-giving would be less recommended.
Which of the following is true about sexual relationships between counselors and clients?
These relationships result in harm in most cases
These relationships are generally harmless
These relationships result in harm in every case
These relationships result in direct harm in some cases
These relationships result in harm in most cases
Though relationships between clients and counselors that are romantic, sexual, or violate other boundaries are classified as dual relationships and are forbidden according to various ethical codes, it is not generally understood that these relationships result in actual harm to clients in most cases, many times due to the fact that counseling generally stops when the sexual relationship begins.
Though it is impossible to speak in absolutes, this harm is one of many reasons such relationships are prohibited.
Which of the following best captures the meaning of competence in regard to counseling?
Having a history of helping clients
Being able to diagnose a client
Having the qualifications to help a client
Being able to help a client
Being able to help a client
Competence can mean various things when applied to specific client groups, but in general, being competent means being able to help a client. This involves having the right qualifications, experience, and ability sufficient to meet the client's need. It also reflects the counselor's wellness and fitness for their job.
Which of the following traits has been proven by research to be the most useful in group leaders?
Introversion
None
Flexibility
Extroversion
None
Despite the fact that such items as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense are considered helpful to some degree, research has yet to reliably identify any single trait as more valuable than the rest in group leaders.
Which of the following most accurately captures the dilemma of client self-report?
It is not necessary as information gathering, but clients often are not heard
It is not necessary as information gathering, and clients often lie
It is a necessary information gathering tool, but clients often lie
It is a necessary information gathering tool, but clients often are not heard
It is a necessary information gathering tool, but clients often lie
The dilemma of client self-reports is that, to some degree, counselors depend on client self-report in order to formulate care, perform assessment, and arrive at a treatment plan. However, the unfortunate truth is that clients often lie for a variety of reasons, either overtly or by leaving out important information.
Which of the following is the most common eating disorder?
Pica
Anorexia nervosa
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Binge eating disorder
Binge eating disorder
According to research, binge eating disorder (in which a person engages in a period of concentrated overeating) is the most common eating disorder.
Do Rogerian factors such as warmth and genuineness affect client outcomes?
Research supports the idea that Rogerian factors support positive therapeutic outcomes with children
Research supports the idea that Rogerian factors support positive therapeutic outcomes
Research supports the idea that Rogerian factors are related to client well-being in inpatient settings
Research does not support the idea that Rogerian factors support positive therapeutic outcomes
Research does not support the idea that Rogerian factors support positive therapeutic outcomes
Though of definite help in establishing rapport and eliciting information from clients, the research does not support the idea that Rogerian factors support positive therapeutic outcomes per se. Therapeutic outcomes seem to be more related to what the client does, rather than what the therapist does.
Why is brief therapy popular with managed care?
It is associated with better outcomes
It is associated with greater equity
It is more effective
It involves lower cost
It involves lower cost
Managed care firms who broker health insurance plans like the more time-limited, solution-focused modes of treatment as they involve fewer sessions and less cost.
The interest from the managed care perspective is not about equity per se.
Which of the following is not a category of roles identified by specialists in group counseling?
Task
Self-serving
Maintenance
Structural
Structural
Specialists in group counseling identify three roles in a group: task (a job that needs done), maintenance (tending to group process), and self-serving roles.
"Structural" is not such an identified role category.
According to research, how many people does it take to produce conformity in a group?
Two
Six
Three
Five
Three
The phenomenon of conformity in groups has been studied to indicate exactly when a process of groupthink begins to take hold. The available research seems to suggest that it takes as little as three persons in a group to begin producing conformity.
Is a client's right to confidentiality absolutely assured?
No, there is no reasonable expectation of confidentiality
Yes, a client's confidentiality is universally assured
No, there are circumstances that require its violation
Yes, it is the counselor's duty to assure confidentiality
No, there are circumstances that require its violation
A client has the right to confidentiality. However, there are circumstances, such as court proceedings related to crimes or lawsuits, that may require that confidential records be provided to an outside entity such as a court.
Which of the following is the most accurate characterization of persistent depressive disorder relative to other depressive disorders?
Persistent depressive disorder results in more physical effects
Persistent depressive disorder is more severe in intensity
Persistent depressive disorder lasts longer
Persistent depressive disorder is less severe in intensity
Persistent depressive disorder is less severe in intensity
Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is a chronic depression of relatively low intensity that persists for two years or more for more days than not. It tends to be of lower intensity than other depressive disorders.
The depressive disorders have widely variable effects on the soma.
A counselor trained in motivational interviewing is helping a person with a substance use problem navigate their desire to change. Which of the following techniques would this counselor be most likely to use?
Evoking
Persuasion
Confrontation
Advice-giving
Evoking
Motivational interviewing is a departure from more traditional interviewing or motivational techniques in that it puts the emphasis on the client to come up with the energy and some of the structure of their desired change.
A counselor trained in motivational interviewing would be unlikely to try to persuade, confront, or give advice to a client; rather, they would evoke the client's own desire and motivation for change.
According to Robert Carkhuff's scale, what is considered the minimum level of empathic acceptance?
One
Three
Six
Five
Three
Robert Carkhuff designed a five point scale that describes different levels of empathy, genuineness, and respect. This scale goes from One (zero empathy) to Five (the most desirable level of empathy). Level three on this scale is considered the minimum level of acceptance of another.
What is the position of Glasser's Reality therapy with regard to medication?
Psychotropic drugs are not the answer
Psychotropic drugs are to be used last and least
Psychotropic drugs are not a substitute for therapy
Psychotropic drugs are a necessary evil
Psychotropic drugs are not the answer
William Glasser's Reality therapy is controversial for many reasons. It stresses personal responsibility for mental wellness, taking issue with many of the ways mental illness is categorized, diagnosed, and treated. One of its more remarkable positions is its stance on psychotropic medication, which essentially amounts to saying that psychotropic medication is not a realistic answer to personal problems.
Which of the following refers to a group intervention that addresses individuals within the group?
Vertical intervention
Closed intervention
Horizontal intervention
Custom intervention
Vertical intervention
When providing counseling to a group, it is common to refer to interventions that address individuals as vertical intervention, and those which address the group as a whole as horizontal intervention.
The other two terms are fabricated in this context.
nder which of the following circumstances would you assess a Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)?
In cases where the client is psychotic
At the conclusion of each clinical interview
Under no circumstances, as it is no longer used in formal diagnosis
At the conclusion of the diagnostic interview
Under no circumstances, as it is no longer used in formal diagnosis
The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), a number from 1 to 100 that roughly assessed a client's overall level of functioning, is no longer used as part of a formal diagnosis. Some counselors may still find it useful.
According to congruity theory, what effect does liking have on the part of the client in a counselor-client relationship?
There is no effect on a client's likelihood of accepting suggestions
The client is less likely to accept suggestions
The client is more likely to accept suggestions
The client is more apt to develop transference issues
The client is more likely to accept suggestions
According to congruity theory, a client is more likely to accept suggestions if there is a positive, liking relationship on the part of the client with respect to the counselor.
Clients may or may not develop transference issues in scenarios where they like their counselor.
Why is narrative therapy considered a social constructivist theory?
Narrative therapy depends on input from the social world
Narrative therapy involves a person collaborating on a story
Narrative therapy depends on independence from society
Narrative therapy involves a person constructing a personal reality
Narrative therapy involves a person constructing a personal reality
Social constructivist theories suggest that human beings construct their own realities either partially or completely. In narrative therapy, this is done by a person who tells a different "story" than the one that made them seek out therapy to begin with, and thereby constructing a better-fitting personal reality than otherwise might exist.
Narrative therapy does not actually depend on input from the social world, may or may not involve collaboration, and does not depend on independence from society at large
According to person-centered counseling, should the counselor present as a professional?
No, the counselor should not present as a professional
Yes, the counselor should adopt an attitude of expertise
Yes, the counselor should present as a professional
No, the counselor should hide their qualifications
No, the counselor should not present as a professional
According to Carl Rogers' person-centered counseling, the counselor's affect and presentation are key to therapeutic effort. Within this school of counseling, genuineness and acceptance of the client are stressed, with the counselor's professional expertise not being presented as openly as in other styles of therapy.
Which of the following is true regarding behaviorist groups?
They tend to be ineffective
They tend to be highly structured
There are no actual behaviorist groups
They tend to be unstructured
They tend to be highly structured
Behaviorist therapeutic groups tend to be highly structured and organized. There tend to be many directive tasks, exercises, and measurements of progress and outcomes. One example would be an assertiveness group that depends on progress in individual members that must be formulated, planned, and recorded in some way.
Behaviorist groups are effective.
To which school of therapy does the acronym WDEP belong?
Adlerian therapy
Feminist therapy
Narrative therapy
Reality therapy
Reality therapy
The acronym WDEP stands for Wants, Direction (or doing), Evaluation, and Plan. It narrates the process and theory of reality therapy according to an adaption of basic scientific method.
The acronym is not used in feminist, narrative, or Adlerian therapy.
What are some examples of group roles that are assumed by group members?
Sick-role and well-role
Bureaucrat and observer
Parent and child
Energizer and gatekeeper
Energizer and gatekeeper
Any group, whether clinical or not, will eventually develop in such a way that people assume various roles. Such roles generally have to do with a function of group cohesion or maintenance, and may or may not be explicitly intended or stated. Two examples of such roles are energizer (a person who keeps positive energy flowing in the group) and gatekeeper (someone who wants to control various elements of the group).
The other terms do not refer to roles that people assume in therapeutic groups.
What is the technique of "blocking" used for in group therapy?
Keeping the group concentrated on more than just one member
Keeping the group concentrated on the group work
Preventing challenging material from being discussed
Preventing undesirable clients from staying in group
Keeping the group concentrated on the group work
"Blocking" in a group context is designed to help keep the group concentrated on the group work. What is being "blocked" are distractions, gossip, or harmful behavior.
The point is not to suppress what could be productive engagement with challenging material, controlling group membership, or accurately distributing group focus.
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about group exercises?
Group exercises should be less robust as the group matures
Group exercises should be more robust as the group matures
Group exercises should stop and start again toward the end of the group
Group exercises should eventually stop as the group matures
Group exercises should be more robust as the group matures
A therapeutic group experiences a life cycle that has a definite beginning and progression, though the ending may be in doubt. At the beginning of the group, less robust clinical exercises are probably more useful than in-depth, robust clinical work. As the group progresses, more robust group exercises are more appropriate.
There is no indication that there should be a start or stop to group exercises corresponding to the group's developmental stage.
Reference:
What is the purpose of open-ended questioning?
To encourage clients to be honest
To make the client speak more often
To give the client greater control in response
To help clients achieve key insights
To give the client greater control in response
Open-ended questions, those in which there is not a concrete, specific response anticipated by the counselor, are of use in treatment chiefly because they give greater control to the client in terms of how they would like to respond to a given query.
The point of open-ended questions is not to make the client speak more often, encourage honesty, or to activate key insights.
Which of the following is one of the common critiques of behavior therapy?
It is difficult to measure
It is too complicated for most people
It does not work
It does not yield insight
It does not yield insight
Behavior therapy is widely used in its various forms to help increase desired behavior and extinguish undesirable behavior. One of the most common critiques of behavior therapy is that it yields no real insight, as its focus is not on internal process but on exhibited behavior.
Behavior therapy does work, is not too complicated for most people (it is routinely practiced by people with no training), and it is relatively easy to measure.
Which of the following is the main problem with dual relationships?
They are morally wrong
They can interfere with the helping process for a client
They violate many codes of ethics and conduct
They invite legal consequences
They can interfere with the helping process for a client
Dual relationships, which in some cases cannot be avoided, are mainly a problem due to the fact that care for the client can be compromised. Objectivity can suffer if the therapeutic relationship is not the only relationship at work.
These relationships are not always morally wrong, do not always invite legal consequences, and are not always in violation of codes of ethics or conduct.
What is the difference between an autoplastic versus an alloplastic approach?
Autoplastic refers to changes in environment, alloplastic refers to changes in self
Autoplastic refers to changes in mental illness, alloplastic refers to changes in mental acuity
The two terms are interchangeable in most circumstances
Autoplastic refers to changes in self, alloplastic refers to changes in environment
Autoplastic refers to changes in self, alloplastic refers to changes in environment
The term "autoplastic" refers to the plasticity of what one can change or do in oneself; the term "alloplastic" refers to the plasticity of what one can change in the environment. The two terms refer to different perspectives on what might help a client arrive at necessary change and are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
What is a "means test"?
A way of determining overall psychological well-being
A way of determining eligibility to participate in the legal process
A way of determining overall mental capacity
A way of determining eligibility for assistance in social programs
A way of determining eligibility for assistance in social programs
In order to qualify for many kinds of government assistance or other social programs, a "means test" is often applied to determine if the person, according to the standard set by the body in question, qualifies for that assistance or program.
The term does not refer to legal or mental health issues.
Which of the following would be the least likely to adhere to a formal process of assessment?
A Freudian counselor
A Skinnerian counselor
A Rogerian counselor
An Adlerian counselor
A Rogerian counselor
The different schools of thought in various perspectives on psychology affect how practitioners adhering to those schools deal with treatment. For example, a Rogerian counselor would be the least likely to rely on the formal psychological process of assessment, as traditionally Rogerians place more emphasis on the affective environment of the counseling milieu itself.
The other kinds of counselors mentioned would be much more likely to adhere to a formal process of treatment, given their theoretical perspective.
Which of the following cultures is most likely to encourage low-context communication?
Saudi Arabia
Spain
Canada
Italy
Canada
The manner and content of communication changes according to culture. In low-context communication, a direct, explicit message is expected. This way of communication, broadly speaking, is more common in the U.S., the U.K., and Canada.
In high-context communication, much of the message is implicit and depends on context. This is the communicative style more common in the Middle East, Italy, Spain, and many Asian countries.
Does Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) encourage religion?
AA is specifically and explicitly religious
AA involves belief in a higher power
AA is specifically and unambiguously atheist
AA leaves all religious or spiritual ideas to the participant
AA involves belief in a higher power
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an open, commonly available program that seeks to help individuals who have profound alcohol issues. Though it does not seem to advance any particular faith, it does involve belief in a higher power, as statements of helplessness against one's own issues are fundamental to the beginning of involvement in AA.
AA is not atheist, and is directive about spirituality.
In terms of family therapy, what is an "irrelevant distractor"?
An old issue brought up to derail therapy
A communicative role
A false argument
A negative feedback loop
A communicative role
Virginia Satir, as a part of experimental conjoint family therapy, offered terminology for various roles that do not serve the purpose of addressing family issues when they are present. One of these is the "irrelevant distractor," who, when the family system is under stress, will resort to the strategy of using irrelevant information to block progress. The term applies to the person and not the material of their distracting behavior.
Which of the following best defines anglo-conformity theory?
Adhering to dominant macroculture is required
Adhering to dominant macroculture is a calculated choice
Adhering to dominant macroculture is desirable
Adhering to dominant macroculture is wrong
Adhering to dominant macroculture is desirable
Anglo-conformity theory suggests that, despite individual and cultural differences, adhering to the dominant macroculture is desirable and, by extention, that values and folkways of source cultures should be discouraged in the interest of this conformity.
The other statements do not accurately recapitulate the meaning of anglo-conformity theory.
With which of the following is crisis intervention mainly concerned?
Those who are recommended by their family because of their reaction to stress
Those who are not experiencing a reaction to stress
Those who are experiencing an abnormal reaction to stress
Those who are experiencing a normal reaction to stress
Those who are experiencing a normal reaction to stress
Crisis intervention is mainly directed at helping those individuals who are experiencing the overwhelming stress that is definition to a state of crisis. Pathology per se is not addressed as part of crisis intervention; abnormal behavior or symptoms will require another modality to address effectively.
Of the following, who would be the best candidate for implosive therapy?
A person with bipolar disorder
A person with a fear of spiders
A person with a substance use problem
A person experiencing delusions
A person with a fear of spiders
Implosive therapy involves the client imagining a feared stimulus in the safe setting of the counselor's office. It is used to address fear on the part of clients, and would therefore be appropriate to a person with a fear of spiders.
As fear is not the major issue, it would not benefit as a service those who are experiencing delusions, those with substance use problems, or a person with bipolar disorder.
Which of the following is the most well-known criticism of behavior therapy?
It treats causes but not symptoms
It does not work in most cases
It treats symptoms but not causes
It does not address specific behavior
It treats symptoms but not causes
Behavior therapy, in its many forms as descended from the work of B. F. Skinner, does seem to have a good track record of proven results in treating various issues. However, in directly addressing specific behaviors and treating them, it tends to ignore the inner life of the person and therefore can be said to treat symptoms of problems rather than causes of those problems (as in more insight-oriented psychotherapy).
Note 
Flashcard (61)