Chatpter 1 Anatomy

Anatomy

the identification and description of the structures of living things.

Physiology

the study of how many different parts of the body work

Homeostasis

• The body’s attempt to balance itself and reach equilibrium

• wants a relatively constant internal environment.

Gross Anatomy

• Examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye.

Microscopic Anatomy

Structures that cannot be seen without magnification.

Cytology

The study of cells

Histology

The study of tissues

Pathology

The study of diseases

Organ System

mulitple organs working with one another

Organ

Two or more tissues working together.

Cell

the smallest living unit

Chemicals/Molucules

made of of atoms

Autoregulation

Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to an environmental change.

Extrinsic Regulation

Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems.

Proximal

Toward the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk.

Lateral

Away from the midline.

Medial

Towards the midline

Distal

Away from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

Anterior/Ventral

• The front surface

• The belly side. (equivalent to anterior when referring to the human bod.)

Posterior/Dorsal

• the back surface

• The back. (equivalent to posterior when referring to the human body)

Cranial/Cephalic

• The cranial nerves are in the head.

• Towards the head

Caudal

• Toward the tail; (coccyx in humans)

• Fused caudal vertebrae form the skeleton of the tail

Superficial

At, near, or relatively close to the body surface.

Deep

Toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface

Frontal/Coronal Plane

a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior(back) portions.

Sagittal Plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right portions.

midsagittal plane

A cut in the sagittal plane that is in the middle.

parasagittal plane

A cut in the sagittal plane that is not towards the middle.

Transverse Plane

divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

thoracic cavity

• everything deep to the chest wall of the _______ region

• holds

  • the left and right pleural cavities

  • the lungs and the heart

• associated organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and lymphatic systems; the inferior portions of the esophagus; and the thymus

abdominopelvic cavity

• and all of the structures deep to the abdominal and pelvic walls

• holds

  • the peritoneal cavity

body cavities

• They protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts,

• they permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs

mediastinum

• what separates the right and left pleural cavities

• also holds the pericardial cavity

peritoneal cavity

• allows the organs of the digestive system to slide across one another without damage to themselves or the walls of the cavity

receptor

a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change;

control center

which receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands;

effector

a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus.

negative feedback

The response of the effector negates the stimulus.

positive feedback

initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies or enhances the original change in conditions, rather than opposing it.

frontal

forhead

nasal

nose

ocular/orbital

eye

otic

ear

buccal

cheek

cervical

neck

thoracic

chest/thorax

breast

mammary

abdominal

abdomen

umbilical

naval

pelvis

pelvic

manual

hand

inguinal

groin

pubic

pubis

fermoral

thigh

pedal

foot

hallux

great toe/big toe

digits

toes/fingers

tarsal

ankle

crural

leg

pollex

thumb

palmar

palm

carpal

wrist

antebrachial

forarm

antecubital

front of elbow

brachial

arm

axillary

armpit

mental

chin

mouth

oral

cephallic

head

facial

face

cranial

skull

acromial

shoulder

dorsal

back

olecranial

back of elbow

lumbar

loin

gluteal

buttock

popiteal

back of knee

sural

calf

calcaneal

heel of foot

plantar

sole of foot

Anatomical Relationships

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Supine

facing up

prone

facing down