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82 Terms

1
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What is the Sexual Wholeness Model comprised of?

Physical, spiritual, and emotional aspects of sexuality.

2
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Define 'sex'.

The biological division of the species into male and female.

3
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What does 'gender' refer to?

The social and cultural state of being male or female.

4
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What is sexual intercourse?

Sexual contact involving penetration, particularly the insertion of a man's erect penis into a woman's vagina.

5
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What are the genitals?

External reproductive organs, which include the penis and testicles in men, and labia and clitoris in women.

6
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Describe the Missionary Position.

A sexual position where a woman lies on her back and a man lies on top facing her.

7
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What happens during an orgasm?

The climax of sexual excitement, characterized by rhythmic contractions and ejaculation in men.

8
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What is circumcision?

The surgical removal of the foreskin from the male penis, often performed as a religious ritual.

9
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How does female circumcision compare to male circumcision?

Female circumcision is considered mutilation and is not connected to religious rituals, aimed at reducing sexual enjoyment.

10
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What marks the beginning of puberty?

The period when adolescents reach sexual maturity and can reproduce.

11
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What is menstruation?

The monthly discharge of blood and other materials from the uterus lining in women.

12
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Define nocturnal emissions.

Involuntary ejaculation during sleep, commonly referred to as 'wet dreams'.

13
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What is sexual desire?

The internal feeling or libido that represents a want to engage in sexual activity.

14
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What is the primary cause for low sexual desire in women?

Poor sexual start-up.

15
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What is sexual arousal?

The physiological response that prepares the body for sexual intercourse and orgasm.

16
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Why might parents avoid discussing sexual topics with their children?

Parents may fear encouraging sexual activity, think it is sinful, or because they were never informed themselves.

17
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Identify a metaphor used to teach sexual topics.

Crumpled up flower symbolizes fear around sex.

18
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What should be the goal of sex education in the home?

To appreciate their bodies, understand reproduction, use proper terminology, and recognize pleasurable feelings.

19
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What principle should parents follow regarding fear and anxiety in sexuality discussions?

Avoid attaching fear and anxiety to sexuality.

20
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What is 'Bidirectional communication' regarding sex-related issues?

Open discussions between parents and children about sex that improve sexual health outcomes.

21
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How can parental discussions about sex with children affect sexual behavior?

They can lead to increased condom use, decreased unprotected sex, and higher communication about sexual health.

22
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Discuss the concept of Fragmentation in sexuality.

It occurs when parts of the self are disconnected, leading to a lack of harmony between sexual and spiritual identities.

23
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What creates fragmentation in sexuality?

Internal and external threats, distorted views of sexual function, and anxiety.

24
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What is sexual compatibility?

The idea that sexual interaction is vital for assessing compatibility during couple formation.

25
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What is meant by 'healthy sexual functioning'?

The ability to engage sexually in a fulfilling and satisfying manner.

26
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What can help maintain sexual spark in a marriage?

Authenticity, creativity, and intensity

27
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What is the most important physical organ related to sexuality?

The brain.

28
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How does body image affect sexual relationships?

Poor body image can hinder enjoyment and connection during sexual experiences.

29
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What effects does sexualization in media have?

It contributes to objectification and can negatively influence body image and sexuality.

30
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What is the importance of oxytocin in sexual relationships?

Oxytocin facilitates bonding and can enhance feelings of connection and intimacy.

31
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What typically happens to sexual desire as individuals age?

Testosterone levels decrease in men, affecting sexual drive and function.

32
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Why is effective communication important in sexual relationships?

It ensures that both partners express their needs and desires, paving the way for fulfilling sexual experiences.

33
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What should be done before sexual encounters to improve satisfaction?

Both partners should openly discuss sexual preferences and desires.

34
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What are erogenous zones?

Areas of heightened sensitivity that can generate sexual responses when stimulated.

35
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What are nonspecific erogenous zones?

Body parts like eyelids, neck, and shoulders that can produce a sexual response when touched.

36
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What is a common challenge for couples regarding orgasm?

Many women struggle to achieve orgasm due to various relational and psychological factors.

37
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How are sexual mindfulness practices beneficial?

They enhance emotional connection and awareness during sexual experiences.

38
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What is the significance of autonomy in a sexual relationship?

It allows individuals to take responsibility for their sexual well-being and needs.

39
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What are the benefits of discussing sexuality regularly with partners?

It fosters intimacy, reduces anxiety, and fosters mutual understanding regarding needs.

40
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What contributes to better sexual health outcomes in couples?

Maintaining open communication, sharing preferences, and regular discussions about needs.

41
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What is the impact of the 'testosterone-driven' view of sex?

It can create unrealistic expectations regarding sexual desire and frequency in relationships.

42
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What factors help women achieve orgasm?

The quality of the relationship, emotional connectivity, and mutual preference sharing.

43
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Discuss 'Either/Or Thinking' in regard to sexuality.

The notion that you must be either sexual or spiritual, which can lead to inner conflict.

44
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What are the two primary hormone associated with sexual desire?

Testosterone and estrogen

45
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How do couples with fulfilling sexual relationships typically communicate?

They focus on positive reinforcement and understanding each other's preferences and needs.

46
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Describe the benefits of foreplay.

It increases intimacy, enhances physical readiness, and raises the likelihood of orgasm.

47
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What role does creativity play in sexual relationships?

It helps maintain interest, excitement, and connection between partners.

48
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How does poor body image affect sexual experiences?

It can lead to anxiety, dissatisfaction, and an inability to enjoy intimacy.

49
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How can couple prioritize sexual experiences?

By scheduling time for intimacy and ensuring both partners are engaged.

50
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What attitudes are common among women who regularly experience orgasms?

Accepting their bodies and eliminating feelings of shame or guilt.

51
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What is the impact of neglect on sexual relationships?

It can diminish intimacy and desire, leading to resentment and decreased satisfaction.

52
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How can couples overcome differences in sexual desire?

By having open discussions and finding a balance that satisfies both partners.

53
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What is the importance of nonverbal communication in sexual encounters?

It communicates comfort, desire, and emotional connection beyond words.

54
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What is effective communication about sex?

When intent matches impact, ensuring both partners understand each other's needs.

55
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How can parents model a healthy body image to their children?

By promoting body positivity and discussing the importance of self-acceptance.

56
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What role does mutual initiation play in sexual relationships?

It fosters equality and ensures both partners feel invested in the relationship.

57
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What is the first step towards improving sexual relationships?

Having honest discussions about desires, preferences, and limitations.

58
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Why is shared vulnerability significant in intimacy?

It creates a stronger bond and deepens emotional connections.

59
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How does regular communication affect sexual satisfaction?

It minimizes misunderstandings and enhances mutual understanding of needs and desires.

60
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How does the male refractory period impact sexual encounters?

It creates gaps between sexual opportunities, influencing overall satisfaction.

61
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What can couples do to enhance 'creativity' in their sexual relationship?

Experimenting with different practices, settings, and mutual exploration.

62
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What does sexual mindulness entail?

Being present, aware, and non-judgmental during sexual experiences.

63
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How can breaking norms improve sexual relationships?

By fostering creativity and embracing unique expressions of intimacy.

64
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What is the relationship between sexual education and sexual behavior?

Comprehensive education can lead to informed and healthy sexual practices.

65
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In what ways can emotional intimacy enhance sexual experiences?

It builds trust, improves communication, and fosters deeper connection.

66
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What is sexual repression and its potential effects?

Suppressing natural sexual expression can lead to dysfunction and dissatisfaction.

67
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What does the term 'sexual tension' refer to?

The anticipation and arousal that precedes sexual activity.

68
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How can discussing sexual preferences improve relationships?

It ensures both partners feel heard and valued in their intimate experiences.

69
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What are some common misconceptions about sexual experiences?

That there is only one right way to have sex or that orgasms should always occur.

70
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Define sexual intention.

The deliberate focus on the sexual aspect of a relationship, enhancing intimacy.

71
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Why is it beneficial to address sexual topics openly?

It fosters understanding and reduces discomfort or stigma surrounding discussions.

72
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What does active listening entail within sexual communication?

Engaging attentively and respectfully with a partner's expressed needs or concerns.

73
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How does societal pressure influence sexual attitudes?

It can create unrealistic expectations and negatively impact self-esteem and satisfaction.

74
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Discuss the significance of body positivity in sexual relationships.

Embracing one's body enhances confidence, which in turn leads to more fulfilling sexual experiences.

75
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How can humor be used effectively in sexual discussions?

It can ease tension and foster a lighthearted perspective on intimate topics.

76
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What is the impact of routine on sexual relationships?

Rituals can create predictability, but they may also lead to monotony without variation.

77
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How can prioritizing sexual health affect overall well-being?

Healthy sexual practices improve emotional health, relationship satisfaction, and personal confidence.

78
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What role does consent play in sexual relationships?

It is crucial for ensuring both partners feel comfortable and respected in intimate interactions.

79
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What are some key aspects of maintaining sexual interest?

Creativity, regular communication, and prioritizing the couple's relationship.

80
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How can social norms affect sexual behavior?

They can create pressures that dictate behaviors and attitudes towards sexuality.

81
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What benefits arise from practicing sexual mindfulness?

Enhanced connection, reduced anxiety, and increased enjoyment during sexual encounters.

82
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How does regular and open dialogue about sex influence relationships?

It cultivates trust and enhances overall satisfaction within the partnership.

Explore top notes

note
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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