Myers AP Psychology LEARNING

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53 Terms

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learning

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

<p>a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience</p>
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associative learning

learning that certain events occur together.

<p>learning that certain events occur together.</p>
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classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events (must be instinctual)

<p>a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events (must be instinctual)</p>
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behaviorism

psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

<p>psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.</p>
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unconditioned response (UR)

the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth

<p>the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth</p>
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unconditioned stimulus (US)

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a reaction (like food)

<p>a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a reaction (like food)</p>
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conditioned response (CR)

the learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus (CS)

<p>the learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus (CS)</p>
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conditioned stimulus (CS)

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a conditioned reaction

<p>an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a conditioned reaction</p>
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acquisition

the "learned" behavior or response

<p>the "learned" behavior or response</p>
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extinction

the diminishing of a CR; when a response is no longer reinforced

<p>the diminishing of a CR; when a response is no longer reinforced</p>
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spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR

<p>the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR</p>
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generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit responses

<p>the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit responses</p>
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discrimination

the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US

<p>the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US</p>
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learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

<p>the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events</p>
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operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher

<p>a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher</p>
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law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, or where behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

<p>Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, or where behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely</p>
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operant chamber

Skinner box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking

<p>Skinner box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking</p>
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shaping

reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

<p>reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior</p>
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discriminative stimulus

a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

<p>a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)</p>
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reinforcer

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

<p>any event that strengthens the behavior it follows</p>
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positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.

<p>increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.</p>
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negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock.

<p>increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock.</p>
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primary reinforce

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

<p>an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need</p>
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continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

<p>reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs</p>
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partial (intermittent) reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

<p>reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement</p>
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fixed-ratio schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

<p>a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses</p>
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variable-ratio schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

<p>a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses</p>
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fixed-interval schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

<p>a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed</p>
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variable-interval schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

<p>a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals</p>
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punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

<p>an event that decreases the behavior that it follows</p>
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cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it)

<p>a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it)</p>
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latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it LATER

<p>learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it LATER</p>
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insight

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

<p>a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem</p>
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intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake; INSIDE

<p>a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake; INSIDE</p>
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extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, OUTSIDE

<p>a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, OUTSIDE</p>
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modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

<p>the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior</p>
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mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath

<p>frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath</p>
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little albert

subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear

<p>subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear</p>
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Albert Bandura

researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment

<p>researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment</p>
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John Garcia

Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.

<p>Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.</p>
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Ivan Pavlov

Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)

<p>Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)</p>
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B.F. Skinner

he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.

<p>he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.</p>
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John Watson

behaviorist; famous for Little Albert study in which a baby was taught to fear a white rat

<p>behaviorist; famous for Little Albert study in which a baby was taught to fear a white rat</p>
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neutral stimulus (NS)

environmental factor that doesn't elicit a CR until it is repeatedly paired with the US (ex/ bell in Pavlov experiment)

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token economy

object or point reward system used in jail, school, & at Chuck E Cheese

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cognitive learning

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

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Stimulus

a signal to which an organism responds

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reinforcement

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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conditioned reinforcer

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

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reinforcement schedule

the frequency and regularity with which rewards are offered; they can be based on a number of target behaviors (ratio) or on a time interval (interval); types include: fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval

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learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

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self-control

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

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observational learning

learning by observing others; also called social learning or modeling