Colonies

Sir Edmund Andros

Was the head of the new Dominion of England, which was designed to promote the efficiency of the English Navigation laws

Anne Hutchinson

Claimed that holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of God or man → assertion= anti-nomianism.

Christian slaves

Often used outwardly religious songs as encoded messages about escape or rebellion.

John Winthrop

Became the first governor of Bay Colony, and his resourcefulness helped Massachusetts prosper through fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding.

William Pitt

launched expedition in 1758 against Louisbourg, which ultimately fell after a siege.

Maryland

Was established as a plantation colony and was able to flourish with their tobacco.

Jonathan Edwards: Revivalist Preacher

First ignited in Massachusetts; proclaimed the folly of believing in salvation through good works and affirmed the need for complete dependence on Gods grace.

Proclamation of 1763

prohibited settlement in area beyond Appalachians→ needed to work with natives fairly and prevent another violent campaign like Pontiacs Uprising.

Iroquois Confederacy

Bounded native nations- Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas- great military power.

Seven Years War

Treaty of Paris that ended Seven Years War dealt harsh blow to Iroquois, Creeks, and other tribes→ Spanish Removal from Florida and French removal from Canada deprived Natives of their ability to play off the rival European powers against one anothers.

Georgia

State that protected neighboring northern colonies, produce silk and wine, and create a haven for debtors.

Gullah

A Creole language that combined words from English + variety of African languages (Yoruba, Igbo, and Hausa) in AFrican grammatical structure- Widespread in South Carolina + Georgia; did not take root in Cotton south where lowcountry slaves= outnumbered → passed into American speech (goober, gumbo, voodoo)

Squatters

No legal right to soil, raised tobacco + crops on small farms w /little need for slaves.

Virginia: Child of Tobacco

John Rolfe became the father of the tobacco industry and he saved Virginia from financial difficulties. He perfected the raising of tobacco and eventually it was necessary to use slave labor to grow all the tobacco.

House of Burgesses:

Representative, self-government was born in Virginia

The assembly was the House of burgesses

Momentous precedent was thus established and the first of many miniature parliaments flourished in America

Puritans

The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism

Calvinism: Instigated by John Calvin

Spelled out basic doctrine:

God, Calvin argued, was all-powerful and all0good

Humans, because of corrupting effect of sin, were weak and wicked

God was also all-knowing–and he knew who was going to heaven and who was going to hell

Predestination: Since the first moment of creation, some souls had been destined for eternal bliss and others for eternal torment

Calvinists constantly sought in themselves and others, signs of conversion: God’ s free gift of saving grace

Puritans:

Henry VII broke teis w/Roman Catholic church in 1530 s and made himself head of CHurch of England

Action stimulated some English reformers to undertake a total purification of English Christianity

Puritans grew unhappy with slow progress of Protestnat Reformation in ENgland and didn’t want to associate themselves w/ the “damned”

Tiny group of Puritans known as SEparatists vowed to break away entirely from the Church of England

New England

The New England Way of Life:

Climate: Summers were hot and winters were cruel

Soil and Climate of new England encouraged diversified economy

Tobacco did not flourish like it did in the South

Black slavery was modest scale—could not exist priftable on small farms

No broad fertile expanses—-mountains and rivers

English brought livestock—cleared forests for agriculture

Became experts in ship building and commerce

Salem Witch Trials:

A group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women. A hysterical “witch hunt” ensued, leading to the legal lynching in 1692 of 20 individuals, 19 of whom were hanged and one was pressed to death

Reign of horror in Salem grew not only from superstitions and prejudice sof the ajes but also wars with Natives, and usnettles social and religious conditions

Most accused witches came from families associated with Salem’s burgeoning market economy; their accusers came from farming families

Africans in America

The Banjo and bongo drum were other AFrican contributions to American culture
Spirituals:  a type of religious folk song that is most closely associated with the enslavement of African people in the American South.
Christian slaves often used outwardly religious songs as encoded messages about escape or rebellion
Blacks in tobacco-growing Chesapeake region had a somewhat easier lot; Tobacco was a less physically demanding crop than those of the deeper South, and tobacco plantations were larger and closer to one another than rice plantation
Captive black population of Chesapeake area soon began to grow through its own fertility; slave imports to Chesapeake from West Indies and Africa dropped significantly
Deepr South remained heavily depending on continuing transatlantic slave trade
Enslaved AFricans also helped to built the country with their labor—few became artisans, carpenters, bricklayers

The Great Awakening

First spontaneous mass movement of American people and emphasized direct, emotive spirituality which undermined the older clergy, whose authority had derived from their education and erudition; encouraged wave of missionary work among Natives and even among black slaves. It led to founding of new light centers—Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth

Enlightenment:

18th century European philosophical movement that advocated the use of reason and rationality to establish a system of ethics and knowledge; provided framework for both American and French REvolution and rise of capitalism

Gullah:

A Creole language that combined words from English and a variety of African languages (Yoruba, Igbo, and Hausa) in AFrican grammatical structure
Gullah passed into American speech (goober, gumbo, voodoo)

Ring Shout:

A West AFrican religious dance performed by shuffling in a circle while answering a preacher’s shouts, was brought to colonial America by Africans and eventually contributed to development of jazz