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Lessons 1-2

Society

It is the way people live in their society that is influenced by many factors.

Society

It is a community of people with common traditions, practices, institutions, and intuitions and with a collective understanding of activities.

Norms

actions or behaviors that are called normal.

Deviance

actions or behaviors that go against social norms.

Culture

It embodies a society’s way of life and institutionalizes how society should be.

Culture

It can be the process of individual enrichment, such as learning how to be part of society.

Culture

It is society’s tangible activities or evidence of tangible heritage, as in toward the “___” that makes someone a better person.

Politics

It refers to the complex relationship of people.

Politics

It refer to power and leadership; the more powerful and influential may get the upper hand in society.

Polictics

It influences us not only in how our elected government leaders impose laws and regulations but also in the fact that we live in a society that is ___ itself.

Legislative, Executive, Judicial

Branches of the Government

Legislative

Congress comprises two houses, the Senate and the House Representatives.

Legislative

It creates funds.

Executive

It is the law-enforcing body.

Executive

The president is the Head of State and the Head of Government and functions as the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. As chief executive, the President exercises control over all the executive departments.

Judicial

the law-interpreting body.

Judicial

It is the Supreme Court.

History

past events that dictate social evolution.

Economics

It is a discipline under social science that is about ways and processes by which humans produce, obtain, and distribute needs and wants.

Psychology

It is a discipline under social science that investigates personality and individual and social behavior.

Geography

It is a discipline under social science that describes people’s interactions with their environments.

Anthropology

It is a discipline under social science that describes the human race, including the formation of its culture and society.

Political Science

It is a discipline under social science that studies the exercise of law, power, and authority.

Sociology

It is a discipline under social science that examines people’s social relationships.

Sociology

the study of human relationships and behaviors in society.

Albert J. Reiss

He stated that “the study of social aggregates and their groups in their institutional organization, of institutions and their organization, and of the causes and consequences of changes in institutions and social organizations.”

Max Weber

He defined sociology as “the science whose object is to interpret the meaning of social action.”

Auguste Comte

He coined the term sociology.

Socius

Latin word that means “society or association”.

logos

Greek word that means “to speak about or study”.

Sociology

the “study of society”

Karl Marx

He believed that society was composed of individuals in various social classes competing for resources.

Emile Durkheim

He is the Father of Sociology.

Herbert Spencer

He claimed that the various parts of society worked together to keep society functioning.

Emile Durkheim

He believed that society was composed of interdependent and interconnected parts that were put together to keep instability held collectively.

Alfred Radcliff-Brown

He considered the entire parts of the community to work together to maintain stability for a healthy society.

Robert Merton

noted that social processes had functions: Manifest functions, Latent functions and Dysfunctions.

Karl Marx

Conflict Theory was originated by who

Conflict Theory

It posits that society is always in a constant state of conflict as the members of society compete for limited resources.

Bourgeoisie

those with resources, also known as capitalists.

Proletariat

those without resources, also known as workers.

Competition, Revolution, Structural Inequality, and War

4 Major Assumptions of Conflict Theory

George Mead

He originated the Symbolic Interactionism Theory

Symbolic Interactionism Theory

It is a micro-level theory that studies individual approaches and how each interprets the whole society.

Interactionism

It assumes that humans act based on how they understand the meaning of a symbol.

Open Area

In a given society, what is deemed acceptable and available is shaped by cultural norms, beliefs, and behaviors. What is good to discuss in public in one culture may not be in another.

Blind Area

People from different cultures may have different expectations and interpretations of conduct, which can lead to blind spots. Other people perspectives can be helpful in identifying these cultural blind spots.

Hidden Area

Cultural influences heavily impact what individuals choose to disclose or conceal. In some cultures, personal matters may be shared openly, while in others, certain topics may be kept private.

Unknown Area

Cultural backgrounds can influence the extent to which individuals explore and understand themselves. Cultural values and beliefs may shape the unconscious aspects of the unknown area.

Anthropology

It is the study of people - their origins, their development, and contemporary variations.

Antropos

A Greek word which means human.

Anthropology

It promotes a holistic study of humans.

Anthropology

It seeks to answer this primary question: ‘What does it mean to be human?’

Biological and Social

2 Elements of Anthropology

Biologial

It inquiries on the genetic composition of humans, their relationship with other primates and their evolution. (2 Elements of Anthropology)

Social

It inquires on human behaviors, attitudes, and belief systems, which range from birth practices to burial rites. (2 Elements of Anthropology)

Archaeology

Cultural Anthropology

Linguistic Anthropology

Physical Anthropology

Applied Anthropology

5 subdisciplines of anthropology (A, C, L, P, A)

Polis and Scire

Political Science comes from two Greek words; ___ and ___.

Political Science

it means “the study of governments, public policies and political processes systems, and political behavior”.

Political Science

It aims to know the activities within the state.

Human Variation

It is the range of possible values for any characteristic, physical or mental, of human beings.

Nationality

The identity that is tied to being part of a nation or country.

Ethnicity

It refers to belonging to cultural groups that share specific social environments, traditions, and histories that may not be necessarily subscribed to by mainstream society.

Gender

It refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.

Sexual Orientation

It a person’s biological identity, which may be male, female, or intersex (i.e., hermaphrodite)

Gender Identity

An individual’s internal concept of self may be related to being masculine, feminine, neither, or both, without out strict relation to the physical characteristics that the person has.

Gender Expression

It is how an individual chooses to present himself or herself in society.

Socioeconomic Status

The concept of socioeconomic class varies between societies as the ideas associated with being poor or rich differ based on the collective experiences of individuals.

Income

Value of assets

Amount of savings

Cultural interests and hobbies

Economic status of their peers and relatives

5 Determinants of Social Status (i, va, as, cih, espr)

Culture

It is a way of life of a social group of a society and of a country.

Culture

It is the totality of learned and socially transmitted customs, knowledge, materials, and behaviors.

1. A process of human perfection.

2. An activity recorded and learned in a documentary process.

3. A description of a particular way of life.

The 3 categories of culture by Raymond Williams.

Culture shapes our identity

It is learned through family members, in school, through friends and peers, and other people in a person’s immediate environment (socialization).

Culture shapes our identity

A Filipino born and raised in the United States will learn the American culture more than Filipino culture because what one learns from society becomes his of her culture.
Is is an example of?

1. Culture shapes our identity.

2. Culture is a learned and shared behavior.

3. Culture is a symbolic and an abstract concept.

4. Culture is dynamic and a human product.

5. Culture is adaptive.

Culture is a learned and shared behavior.

It is used to understand each individual perception, ideas and values.

Culture is a symbolic and an abstract concept.

It consists of abstract ideas, values, and perceptions that inform the way people behave and react in a given situation.

Culture is a symbolic and an abstract concept.

The language and symbols that people learn, which are abstract concepts, help them understand the people within their society. They understand these language and symbols because they share the same thoughts, ideas, and perception.

1. Culture shapes our identity.

2. Culture is a learned and shared behavior.

3. Culture is a symbolic and an abstract concept.

4. Culture is dynamic and a human product.

5. Culture is adaptive.

Culture is dynamic and a human product.

It is created by humans through their collective behavior over a long period of time.

Culture is adaptive.

Out of people’s instinct to survive over the course of time.

Culture is adaptive.

Nomadic hunters and gatherers, who transfer from one area to another after exhausting the natural resources of one area, began planting for sustenance, marking the beginning of the agricultural revolution.

1. Culture shapes our identity.

2. Culture is a learned and shared behavior.

3. Culture is a symbolic and an abstract concept.

4. Culture is dynamic and a human product.

5. Culture is adaptive.

Edward T. Hall

He created the Iceberg Model of Culture.

Iceberg Theory

It categorized culture into: Surface culture and Deep culture.

Behaviors and Practices

It is the upper part of the Iceberg Theory.

Perceptions

Attitudes

Beliefs

Values

It is the submerged part of the Iceberg Theory.

Surface Culture

overt elements of culture; somewhat superficial.

Deep Surface

It covert elements of culture that require a deeper understanding of the culture itself.

Language

It is a system of communication that humans use to express values, beliefs, and ideas, as well as to forge relationships and establish some sort of binding understanding between and among each other.

Language

It consists of a set of sounds and written symbols, along with set structures and norms.

Symbol

Any objects, body language/gesture or even abstract concept that has a significant meaning only to the people within a culutre.

Symbol

It must be understood by every member of the society to have a meaning within the culture.

Norms

elements of culture that guide specific behavior of an individual in a society or culture.

Mores and Laws

2 Classification of Formal Norms

Formal Norms

the rules and regulations established by social institutions and governments for the people to comply with.

Mores

norms guided by standards of morality. it also determine what is acceptable and unacceptable.

Laws

is is codified by the government and backed by the state power to police; defiance to it may result in punishments or sanctions as provided by the law.

Informal Norms

simple, traditional customs of a culture, which are socially accepted but are not morally significant.

Folkways

another term for informal norms.

Values and Artifacts

2 Classifications of Informal Norms

Values

abstract concept that make judgements on and/or determine what is good and desirable and what is bad and undesirable within a culture.

Artifacts

It is a physical object that manifest culture’s norms and values and other elements of culture.