12-World War I & Russian Revolution

Militarism

glorification of war and the military

Imperialism

when a strong country takes over a weaker country or territory

Alliances

when two or more nations agree to support each other during war

Nationalism

extreme patriotism or pride in one's nation

Triple Alliance

Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary (before the war)

Triple Entente

France, Russia, and Britain (before the war)

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

the heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire

The Balkan Peninsula

the region of Europe to the southeast of Austria-Hungary

Powder Keg of Europe

term used to refer to the tension in the Balkans region

Self-determination

the desire to have a nation and rule oneself

Allied Powers

Britain, France, Russia, and the U.S., among others

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria

Total War

when an entire nation's resources and efforts, including the civilians', are focused on the war effort

No Man's Land

the area located between two enemy trenches

Stalemate

when neither side can gain an advantage

U-Boat

German submarines

Neutrality

to not take sides in war

British Blockade

When Britain blocked all ships from entering or leaving German ports

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

to attack any ship in a given area using submarines

Lusitania

British passenger ship sunk by German U-boats

Zimmerman Telegram

the document responsible for bringing the United States into the war

Czar Nicholas II

the absolute ruler of Russia during WWI

Russian Revolution

when the Russian czar was overthrown

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

the peace treaty between Russia and Germany

Armistice

an agreement to stop fighting

Paris Peace Conference

the meeting where world leaders met to negotiate peace after WWI

Georges Clemenceau

the prime minister of France

Woodrow Wilson

the president of the United States

Peace without victory

what President Wilson wanted at the end of WWI

Treaty of Versailles

the peace treaty that punished Germany and made them take the blame for the war

Reparations

payments for damages

League of Nations

the international organization formed to avoid future world wars

war guilt

being forced to take the blame at the end of a war

Vladimir Lenin

Leader Russia's Bolshevik movement.

Bolsheviks

Russian communist party headed by Lenin

Peace, Land, and Bread

The slogan used by Lenin to win the support of the Russian people.

Conscription

compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.

Mobilization

the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war

Propaganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Trench Warfare on the Western Front

Due to advanced military technology, armies dug into the earth for protection, The idea was to have protection underground. Trenches run over enemy position only to be wiped out by machine guns in minutes

USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin in 1922.

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations.

War Guilt Clause

A part of the treaty of Versailles; declared germany and austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers

October Revolution

Bolsheviks led by Trotsky and Lenin claimed power in name of the soviets and proclaimed a full-scale revolution with support of workers and troops

Wilson's 14 Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-war peace: no secret treaties; freedom of the seas; removal of economic barriers; reduction of arms; adjust colonial claims

Armenian Massacre

An act of genocide by the rulers of Ottoman Turkey during WWI against Christian Armenians, in which a half million Armenians died.

The "Spark"

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungry, setting in motion the start of WWI