BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acid, Proteins

4 Biological Molecules

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Major Constituents of Biomolecules

Carbohydrates

Store energy

Carbohydrates

Provide fuel

Carbohydrates

Build structure in body

Carbohydrates

Main source of energy

Carbohydrates

Composed of C, H, and O (1:2:1).

Monosaccharides

simple sugars

glucose, fructose, galactose

3 Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

2 molecules of simple sugar

lactose, sucrose, maltose

3 Disaccharides

Disaccharides

C12H22O11

sucrose

glucose+frucose

Oligosaccharides

2 to 10 monosaccharides

Galactooligosaccharides

example of Oligosaccharides. from dairy, good for digestion

Polysaccharides

hundreds of linked monomers

starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen

4 Polysaccharides

Chitin

makes up the backbone of arthropods

Lipids

found in the body keep us warm

fats, oil, waxes, phospholipids

4 Lipids

Glycerol, Fatty acids

FATS & OIL Consists of:

Fats

from animals, solid at room temperature

Fats

has saturated fatty acids and glycerol

Oils

from plants, liquid at room temperature

Oils

has unsaturated fatty acids and glycerol

Saturated

fatty acid usually from animals ex. butter

Unsaturated

fatty acid usually from plants ex. vegetable oil

Trans Fat

ex. star margarine

Phospholipids

Consists of glycerol molecule, a phosphate

group and 2 fatty acids

Phospholipids

usually and must be found in cell membrane (Lipids)

Glycerol molecule

(hydrophilic)

Fatty acid chains

hydrophobic part of phospholipids

Phospholipids

component of cell membrane

Proteins

structural support

and protection

Nucleic acid

storing,

transmitting and expressing

hereditary information

Proteins

consists of long chain amino acids

polypeptides

long chain amino acids that makes up proteins

Amino acids

are the monomers or building

blocks of proteins

Amino acids

have central or alpha carbon, to

which the following are bonded:

amino group, hydrogen, a carboxyl group, R-group

Structural Proteins

ex. Keratin

Transport Proteins

ex. Channel proteins, carrier proteins

Regulatory Proteins

functions in cell divisions

Hormones

ex. growth hormones

Antibodies

found in the immune system, in the white blood cells

Enzymes

biological catalysts that speed up the process in the body without being consumed ex. digestive enzymes

Nucleic Acid

Carry the “code of life”

Nucleic Acid

Nucleotides are the building blocks

Nucleic Acid

DNA & RNA are the two types

Nucleotides

building blocks of nucleic acids

DNA

exists as a double helix

RNA

a single helix

cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine

4 in DNA

cytosine, guanine, adenine, uracil

4 in RNA

Adenine

Thymine-______

Guanine

Cytosine-_____

pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Nucleotide consists of 3 components:

RNA

contains ribose

DNA

contains 2’ –deoxiribose.

Purine Nitrogenous base

Has two carbon nitrogen

ring bases

Purine Nitrogenous base

It includes Adenine (A)

and Guanine (G)

Pyrimidine Nitrogenous base

Has a single nitrogen ring

bases

Pyrimidine Nitrogenous base

It includes Thymine (T)

and Cytosine (C)

Uracil

the unique nitrogenous base of RNA which cannot be found in DNA

Adenine, Guanine

Purine Bases

Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil

Pyrimidine Bases

phosphodiester linkages

The sugars and phosphates in nucleic acids

are linked to each other in an alternating

chain via

hydrogen bonds

DNA consists of 2 chains of nucleotides

twisted around each other in a double helix

and held together by

RNA

is composed of single chains that fold

into complex shapes or remain stretched out

as long threads.

sequence

It is the ______ of the

nucleotides in the DNA that determines the

structure of every protein in an organism.

Water

has immeasurable importance in the lives

of organisms, such that a shortage of it is a threat

to the survival of the species.

6

Consider the fact

that a man can live up to ____ weeks without food,

but can survive for only a few days without

drinking water.

70-90

➢Cells of living organisms are composed of

approximately ____ percent water.