Milner (1966)

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Aim

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1

Aim

to understand the link between the hippocampus and memory

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Background information

  • Henry Molaison (HM) suffered an accident, aged 7, resulting in a serious head injury

  • started to suffer from epileptic seizures, aged 10

  • couldn't control bodily functions due to seizures, aged 27

  • medication did not help

  • had an experimental surgery by neurosurgeon, William Scoville

  • tissue from temporal lobe was removed, including hippocampus

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3

Procedure

Method triangulation

  • Psychometric testing

  • Direct observation of HM’s behaviour

  • Interviews with both HM and family members

  • Cognitive testing

  • MRI Scans

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4

Findings

  • retrograde amnesia (memory of events before operation) diminished

  • anterograde amnesia (memory of past decade) diminished

  • unable to form episodic knowledge and new semantic knowledge

  • retained spatial memories

  • had a capacity for working memory

  • procedural memories (motor skills) maintained

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5

Conclusion

  • hippocampus plays a critical role in converting short-term memory into long-term memory

  • short-term memory and long-term memory uses different brain region

  • implicit memory contains several stores

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6

Strengths

  1. Longitudinal study

  2. High ecological validity

  3. Utilisation of method triangulation reduces research bias and enhanced validy of results

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7

Weaknesses

  1. Difficult to replicate + limited generalisation (case study)

  2. Retrospective elements limited availability of pre-accident cognitive data

  3. Potential confounding effects of epilepsy medication on brain damage

  4. Lack of control variables in naturalistic setting may introduce confounding factors

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