Acids and Bases (IB)

Arrhenius Theory

Defines acids as substances that release H+ in water and bases as substances that release OH- in water.

Brønsted-Lowry Theory

Defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.

Lewis Theory

Expands acid and base definitions; Lewis acids accept electron pairs, and Lewis bases donate electron pairs.

Neutralization Reaction

The reaction between an acid and a base to form water and salt.

Conjugate Acid-Base Pair

A pair of substances that differ by one hydrogen ion.

Amphiprotic Substances

Substances that can act as both an acid and a base by donating or accepting a proton.

Amphoteric Substances

Substances that can act as either an acid or a base but not necessarily follow the Brønsted-Lowry definition.

Common Strong Acid

Hydrochloric acid (HCl), fully dissociates in water.

Common Weak Acid

Acetic acid (CH3COOH), partially dissociates in water.

Buffer Solution

Resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.

pH Scale

Measures how acidic or basic a solution is, ranging from 0 to 14.

Strong Acids vs Weak Acids

Strong acids fully dissociate in water; weak acids only partially dissociate.

Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)

A strong acid commonly found in laboratories and industrial processes.

pH Indicator

A substance that changes color depending on the pH level.

Conductivity Test

Tests the ability of a substance to conduct electricity, indicating strength of acids and bases.

Titration

A method to determine the concentration of an acid or base by reacting it with a solution of known concentration.

Thermometric Titrations

Titrations that measure temperature changes to identify the equivalence point.

Lewis Acid

A substance that accepts a pair of electrons.

Lewis Base

A substance that donates a pair of electrons.

Acid Deposition

The process where acidic pollutants settle on Earth's surface, occurring as either wet or dry deposition.

Electrical Conductivity

A measure of how well a substance can conduct electricity, higher in strong acids and bases.

Acid-Metal Reaction

General reaction where an acid reacts with a metal to produce salt and hydrogen gas.

Phenolphthalein

An indicator that turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions.

Methyl Orange

An indicator that turns red in acidic solutions and yellow in basic solutions.

Equivalence Point

The point in a titration where the moles of acid equal the moles of base.

Enthalpy of Neutralization

The heat released during the neutralization of an acid and a base.