Power
the ability of persons, groups, or institutions to influence political developments
Authority
the recognized right of governments and officials to exercise power
Legitimacy
the government has the right to rule as recognized by those being governed
Government
the governing body of a nation, state, or community, institutes laws, rules, and regulations
Politics
the process through which a society settles its conflicts; the struggle for power
Political Thinking
the careful gathering and sifting of information in the process of forming a knowledgeable view about political issues
Fields of Political Science
Political theory/Political philosophy (questioning government)
Governmental Studies (study of gov. at American, state/local, and regional levels)
Comparative Politics (comparing gov. systems),
International Relations (politics about state/federal level)
Political Economics (economics with politics)
Fields related to Political Science
sociology, criminology, law, economics, civics, geography, philosophy, regional studies, cultural/religious studies
The 5 Wâs (and H) of Power
Who has power?
What power does this person/organization/group have?
When was this power obtained?
Where does this power come from?
How does this person have power?
Why does this person have power?
How Government Affects Us
taxes, regulations, safety & security, economics, laws, religion & culture (in some countries)
Critical Thinking
determining what can reasonably be believed and then using the information to reach a thoughtful conclusion
Confirmation Bias
our tendency to interpret information in ways that reinforce what we already believe
Political Culture
the widely shared and deep-seated beliefs of a countryâs people about politics
4 Core Values of American Political Culture
Liberty, Individualism, Equality, and Self-Government
Liberty
the principle that individuals should be free to act and think as they choose as long as they donât infringe unreasonably on the freedoms of other individuals
Individualism
the belief that people are free to pursue their interests and should be self-sufficient
Equality
the ideal that all individuals are equal in worth in society and are treated equally under the law
Self-Government
the principle that people are the ultimate source of government power and should have a voice in their governing.
Authoritarianism
a way of governing that values order and control over personal freedom
Free-Market Economics
an economic system based on the idea that government should interfere with economic transactions as little as possible giving as much liberty as possible (capitalism)
Majoritarianism
the idea that the majority prevails not only in elections, but in setting public policy
Pluralism
the idea that public policy is set by competing groups in society (special interests)
Constitutionalism
limiting government power to protect citizensâ liberties (written rules)
Elitism
the idea that wealthy and well-connected individuals exercise the most power in setting public policy
Oligarchy
government power concentrated among a few such as business, military, etc. (small group)
Limited Government
a government that is subject to strict legal limits on uses of power
Representative Government
a government in which the people govern through the selection of representatives
John Locke
was a philosopher in the 1600s with many ideas, most of them pertaining to human rights. He believed the government was founded on social contract and that people living in a state of nature should be able to enjoy inalienable rights
Social Contract Theory
citizens are willing to give up some of their autonomy for protection, in return government must secure protection of society and uphold our natural rights. If these are not met, it shall be the right of the citizens to change or abolish the government and form a new government.
Inalienable Rights
life, liberty, and property
Articles of Confederation
Adopted during the Revolutionary War, Not a constitution: a fundamental law that defines how a government will legitimately operate, Created a weak national government, Prohibited Congress from interfering in statesâ commerce policies, Prohibited Congress from taxation, States retained âsovereignty, freedom, and independenceâ, Unanimous consent needed to approve amendments (1st government tried in the US)
Shayâs Rebellion
to prevent foreclosures a group of farmers led by daniel shay created an armed rebellion, congress were unable to send an army to deal with the issue and this was worrisome because of the weakness of our government, largely convinced the people that our national government was too weak and we needed to strengthen it.
Virginia (Large State) Plan
representation based on state population, more power to large states
New Jersey (Small State) Plan
each state has one vote, equal power to large and small states
Great Compromise
(bicameral congress), house of representatives, lower chamber: proportional representation, senate, upper chamber: equal representation
Three-fifths Compromise
three-fifths of the enslaved population counted for appointment of taxes and political representation
Ratification
the action of signing or giving formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement, making it officially valid.
Federalists
supporters of the constitution, led by Alexander Hamilton, supporters of a stronger national government
Anti-Federalists
those who were against a strong central government, worried it was too powerful, most were in the south, led by Thomas Jefferson, more in favor of states
Separation of Powers
powers divided among separate branches rather than investing them entirely in a single individual or institution
Judicial Review
the power of the judiciary to decide whether a government official or institution has acted within the limits of the constitution and, if not to declare its action null and void
Marbury V. Madison (1803)
Marbury wanted his appointment from John Adams who had sent them out before leaving the office and went down known for the âMidnight Judgesâ. Madison denied his appointment to be a judge which angered Marbury so he took it to court. It was ruled that Adams's actions were unconstitutional so Marbury didnât receive his appointment. This case applies to the creation of judicial review.
Bill of Rights
First 10 amendments to the constitution
Democracy
government where the people govern directly or indirectly through elected representatives, the word democracy derives from âdemosâ - the people rule together.
Majority Rule
the idea that the group with the most members has the most political power in a country and can make binding decisions
Minority Rights
protected rights that are enjoyed by everyone, even those not considered part of the majority, means the majority can trample on a minorities natural rights
Tyranny of the Majority
the people acting as an irrational mob that tramples on the rights of the minority
Electoral College
an unofficial term that refers to the electors who cast the state's electoral votes
Direct Democracy
everybody in the government votes on every decision or dispute that occurs
Indirect Democracy
the people select certain representatives to represent them and vote on issues that arise
Federalism
divided sovereignty between the national government and the stateâs government
Sovereignty
supreme and final governing authority
Unitary System
one central government that works as one and makes all decisions
Federal System
a system that has one main government but is broken down into multiple smaller sub-branches
Confederacy
multiple independent states but will work together
Enumerated (Expressed) Powers
power expressly written and granted to the national government in the constitution
Implied Powers
powers not expressly written but related to those that are
Supremacy Clause
national laws were the supreme law of the land
Reserved Powers
the statesâ powers under the constitution
McCulloch V. Maryland
Maryland legislatures tried to tax the 2nd bank of the US and when they did McCulloch a cashier refused to pay the tax. The state sued him and then they went to court. The ruling was that the states had no power to tax under the supremacy clause. This case applies to both the necessary and proper clause and implied powers through the constitution. In favor of the national government and the supremacy clause.
Dred Scott V. Sandford
Dred Scott escaped from his owner and traveled north. He was then caught and arrested in the north, however, he believed he had freedom because he had been found in a state where slavery was illegal. In a decision that later was nullified by the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, the Supreme Court held that former slaves did not have standing in federal courts because they lacked U.S. citizenship, even after they were freed. In favor of the states creating their own laws. (gave more power to the states)
Plessy V. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the âseparate but equalâ doctrine. The case stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for Black people. This applies to the creation of segregation and upheld the Jim Crow Laws.
Dual Federalism
precise separation of national and state authority
Cooperative Federalism
shared policy responsibilities (working together)
Necessary and Proper Clause
the power to make laws in support of expressed powers (in support of implied powers)