Sociology Exam 3

sex

biological

gender

social or cultural

sex

An individual’s membership is one of the two categories - male or female - based on biological factors

If individual is male or female

primary sex characteristics

made up of chromosomes, reproductive organs, and hormones that distinguish male and females

secondary sex characteristics

Facial or body hair, musculature, and other features unrelated to reproduction. Physical differences between male and females like body hair and bone structure.

intersex

Use to describe a person whose chromosome or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female

having a variant chromosomal makeup and mixed or intermediate male and female sex characteristics

berdaches or two spirits

both male and female mixed by the natives and took on biological females like hunting trapping, warfare

Hijras

Third gender individuals dress like females and take out male genitals. They are considered good luck at birth and weddings

Bacha Posh

A girl is treated like a guy, and is basically a guy

Gender

Refers to physical behavioral and personality traits that a group considers to be normal

the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that. a group considers normal for its male and female members

Essentialists

Those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and can not be changes

gender binary

A system of classification with only two distinct and opposite genders

Classifies gender into two distinct, opposite, and separate categories.

constructionist

Those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such as a binary system is just one possibility among many

the meaning of masculinity and femininity determines different societies and historical periods

gender identity

an individual’s self definition or sense of gender (male female or other gender)

cis gender

Your sex at birth and gender identity match up

Kali is a girl at birth Kali’s gender identity is female

transgender

A person’s gender identity does not align with their sex at birth.

gender expression

an individual’s behavioral manifestations of gender

grooming, body language, gestures, etc

gender nonconforming

gender identity and expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles

nonbinary

individuals who do not identify as exclusively men or women or identify as both, somewhere in between or outside of such categories altogether

Not identified as a man or a woman

sexuality

the character or quality of being sexual

sexual behavior and what people dream of doing

sexual orientation or identity

the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender

Heterosexuality

a man likes a woman

sexual attraction toward the other gender

Homosexuality

sexual desire for the same gender

Man likes a man gay

a woman likes a woman lesbian

bisexuality

sexual attraction to both genders (also a minority group)

can like both genders

asexuality

no desire for sex

queer theory

social theory about gender and sexual identity emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects the idea of innate identities or restrictive categories

rejects the idea of single gay, lesbian, bisexual, heterosexual, or trans

LGBTQ

lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer

Gender role socialization

the life long process of learning to be masculine or feminine through agents of socialization

heteronormativity

the belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm

The assumption that heterosexuality is the only acceptable orientation

social learning

the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction

example: how babies respond and interact

patriarchy

“rule of the father”

male domination

privilege

Unlearned advantage accorded to members of dominant social groups (males, whites, people who are physically able or heterosexual)

sexism

the belief that one sex, usually male is superior than the other

The male sex is superior to some degree in some cultures

misogyny

an ingrained prejudice against woman, dislike, or hate women

prejudice

idea about characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it

stereotype or generalization of certain genders

discrimination

motivated by prejudice and unequal treatment based on the membership of the social group

a behavior or action that results in the unequal treatment of individual members or an entire group because they belong in a certain category

homophobia

fear of discrimination toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual people

transphobia

fear of or discrimination towards transgender or other gender-nonconforming people

heterosexism

superiority of heterosexuality and heterosexuals

cisgenderism

superiority is cisgender persons or identities

coming out

openly able to say ones true identity and is not secretive

Hegemonic masculinity

a masculine ideal that promotes characteristics such as independence, aggression, toughness, and rejects alternate qualities in men

promotes a particular kind of masculine ideal that is held as superior or any other kind

toxic masculinity

dysfunctional aspects and extreme and harmful attitudes and behaviors that may lead to negative affects

rape culture

sexual violence to women is normal

microagressions

subtle verbal or non verbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to members of certain social groups

instrumental role (structural functionalism)

the family member who provides material support often an authority figure

being task oriented

expressive role

providing emotional support

second shift

taking care of the children after their payed labor

feminization of poverty

results in a combination of gender pay gap, financial responsibility in children, single mother compared to single fathers

feminism

belief in social, political, and economic equality in sexes

first wave

Period of feminist activism from mid-nineteenth century until American women got the right to vote in 1920.

suffrage movement

The movement was organized around gaining voting rights for women

second wave

feminist activism in 1960-1970n for access to employment and education

third wave

the most recent period of activism focusing on diversity globalization and identities woman can posses

men’s liberation

a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity

men’s rights movement

members believed that feminism promotes discrimination against men

pro-feminist men’s movement

Men should support feminism and believe that sexism both men and women

Negroid, Mongoloid, Caucasoid

Black, Asian, White

race

A socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people

a social category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people. (more meaningful on a social level than the biological level

ethnicity

a socially defined category based on a common language, religion, nationality, history, or some cultural factor

another social category mainly applied groups of shared ancestry or cultural heritage

symbolic ethnicity

an ethnic identity that is relevant only on specific occasions and does not significantly affect everyday life

example: Irish people on St Patricks day wear Kiss Me Irish buttons, wear green

situational ethnicity

An ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation

example: the Lebanese ( Dr. Ferris) moved to a city in Illinois where the city council, senator, businessman, and majority of the community was all Lebanese.

minority

Commonly thought of as a group that’s smaller than the majority group

minority group

A social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to societies dominant groups through its members are not necessarily fewer in number than in dominant groups.

People who are recognized as belonging to a social category, either ethnic or racial, and suffer from unequal treatment as a result of that status

racism

A set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences among groups are genetic

example: White people are superior compared to blacks

prejudice

An idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it.

example: all Asians are good at math

implicit bias

Attitudes or stereotypes that are embedded at an unconscious level and may influence our perceptions, decisions, and actions

example White patients get more care and taken care of than black patients when it comes to pain

individual discrimination

Discrimination carried out by one person against another

(sometimes referred to as individual or interpersonal racism) happens when one person treats another unfairly due to race or ethnicity

Institutional discrimination

Discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affect all members of a group who come in contact with

systemic or institutional racism ( gov agency, schools, banks) practice discriminatory policies that affect whole groups

white nationalism

nation is built around white identity that is reflected in religion, politics, economics, and culture

privilege

unlearned advantage accorded to members of dominant social groups ( people who are male, white, heterosexual, physically able)

color blind racism

an ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment

example ( convenience stores or liquor stores in black communities)

Food Marts ( Hispanic communities due to low wage)

race consciousness

An ideology that acknowledges race as a powerful social construct that shapes our individual and social experiences

awareness of the importance of race in our everyday lives and our dealings with social institutions

Microaggressions

everyday use of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to members or certain social groups.

example: a white woman clutches her handbag close to her when she sees a group of Latino men

cultural appropriation

the adoption of cultural elements belonging to an oppressed group by members of the dominant group without permission and often for the dominant group gain

using a cultural symbol for your own benefit (For example the Indians as a baseball team)

Belly dancer as a Halloween costume is a culture not a costume

reverse racism

the claim by whites that they suffer discrimination based upon their race and therefore, experience social disadvantages

the claim that whites can also suffer discrimination based on their race and thus experience the same kind of disadvantages that minority groups encounter

antiracist allies

whites and others working toward the goal of ending racial injustice

white people can challenge racism by working with other people (white) to help gain greater awareness

structural functionalism

A useful lens for analyzing certain ethnic groups, like the Europeans and Italians.

African Americans and Hispanics maintain there distinct identities with white majority

conflict theory

Focuses on the struggle for power and control.

Openly racist government policies and individual racist attitudes were driving forces behind the creation of the Black underclass which has been perpetuated by economic ones, not racial ones.

critical race theory

the study of relationships among race, racism, and power (Multiple voices and points of views)

symbolic interactionism

How we perceive and interpret race in everyday life

passing

Presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group to which you belong.

double consciousness

W.E.B Du Bois’s term for the divided identity experienced by Black people in the United States

embodied identity

the way we are perceived in the physical world

real-world physical traits associated with categories like race gender or age that normally define us

miscegenation

romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races

family

race ethnicity and their socioeconomic status shape family life in variety of ways

(example) black children are more likely to live in single-parent homes than white

Health

widespread disparities among racial and ethnic groups

Hispanics live the most compared to black and whites

Black mothers have a harder time delivering a baby compared to whites

education

how different races are able to spend time in school

Asians are at a high rate fo successfully completing their education vs blacks that drop out of high school

Work and Income

example black people work with the postal system and Hispanics work with construction

criminal justice

black people have a really high rate of going to jail

intersectionality

having non white casts in tv shows

genocide

the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, and cultural group

example Nazi gernamy adolf hitler killed 2/3 of the jews of europe

population transfer

Forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied.

settler colonialism

economic and political subjugation of the minority group by dominant group within a nation

describes the exploitation of a minority group within the dominant group’s own borders

segregation

the physical and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity

assimilation

A pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogeneous

Minority group is absorbed into the dominant group; this process is the central idea behind america’s melting pot

racial assimilation

The process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage

having children with a dominant group

cultural assimilation

the process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group’s culture

Members learn the cultural practices of the dominant group.

Pluralism

not only permits racial and ethnic variation within one’s society but actually encourages people to embrace diversity as a positive feature of society

Social Stratification

A form present in all societies, the division of society into groups arranged in social hierarchy

Example: grouped according to gender, race, class, and age. Some groups are ranked higher, while others are not.

Private School vs Public School