PBS Unit 1

The application of the principles of the natural sciences to clinical medicine.

Biomedical Science

The group in an experiment where the independent variable being tested is not applied.

Control Group

The response in which the research is interested in.

Dependent Variable

A research study conducted to determine the effect that one variable has upon another variable.

Experiment

The application of scientific knowledge to questions of civil and criminal law.

Forensic Science

Clear prediction of the results of an experiment.

Hypothesis

The variable that is manipulated by the researcher.

Independent Variable

Control group where conditions produce a negative outcome.

Negative Control

Specialized clothing or equipment, worn by an employee for protection against infectious materials.

Personal Protective Equipment

Group expected to have a positive result.

Positive Control

what can be done at a scene of a mysterious death to help reconstruct what happened?

1. interview

2. examine

3. photograph

4. sketch

5. collect evidence

what are the different crime scene search methods

link, line, grid, zone, spiral, wheel

how do clues found at a scene of a mysterious death help investigators determine what might have occurred and help identify or exonerate potential suspects?

any of the evidence left behind (such as DNA) can help investigators determine what might have occurred and help identify or eliminate suspects

what are the structures of the hair

medulla (middle), cuticle (outside), cortex (surface)

stiffening of the body

rigor mortis

blood pools

lividity

cooling of the body

algor mortis

what is the glaister equation

98.4 - measured rectal temp / 1.5 = hours since death

what are the scientific method steps

observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion

how do scientists design experiments to find the most accurate answer to the question they are asking?

by having different variable groups

how are bloodstain patterns left as a scene used to help investigators establish the events that took place during a crime

helps investigators establish the events that occurred during the crime by determining the height the blood fell from and what happened during the crime by what the amount of blood in the spatter and what the spatter looks like. For example, if a violent murder took place, there would be blood everywhere.

the application of scientific knowledge to questions of civil and criminal law

forensic science

an experiment: 10 people are at rest and their blood pressure is taken using a blood pressure device; then, you have these 10 people do 50 jumping jacks and re- measure their blood pressure. What is the dependent variable?

the blood pressure

processing a death scene involves

purposeful documentation and collection of physical evidence

uses verbal communication to instruct on best course of action and send appropriate help to site

911 operator

what is the innermost layer of hair

medulla

no two people have the same fingerprints, during fingerprint analysis minutiae (ridge details) are compared. How many must match to establish identity?

12-15

name the clues for estimating time of death

algor mortis, rigor mortis, lividity, clouding of the corneas, decomposition, drying of tissues

after death, a body will lose heat at a rate approximately _____ degrees per hour until it reaches "t"the temperature surrounding enviroment

1.5

why is a control group important for an experiment

it serves as a standard for comparison against the group where the independent variable is applied

what stain will blood leave if blood droplets fall directly from above

circular

Any of the usually linear bodies in the cell nucleus that contain the genetic material.

Chromosome

pyrimidine bases

Thymine and Cytosine

who are the key figures relating to DNA

-watson

-crick

-chargaff

- franklin

- wilkins

5 step process of using a DNA profile

-get it

-copy it

-cut it

-spread it

-analyze it

A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.

DNA

The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.

Gel Electrophoresis

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA.

Gene

purine bases

adenine and guanine

Something spiral in form.

Helix

A simplified version of something complex used.

Model

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Nucleotide

An enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts up DNA.

Restriction Enzyme

Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths.

RFLPs

A component of nucleic acid; a pyrimidine base.

Thymine

what is DNA?

molecules that contain genetic code and appear in the form of a double helix

how do scientists isolate DNA in order to study it

dna extraction

how does DNA differ from person to person?

the base pairs do not match up the same way for every person

what are restriction enzymes

a protein that cuts DNA at certain base sequences

what are restriction fragment length polymorphisms

specialized enzymes that split certain part of genetic information apart to make them easier to study

what is gel electrophoresis and how can the results of this technique be interpreted

is used to separate proteins or fragments of DNA according to size

DNA is cut at specific nucleotide sequences by

restriction enzymes

when running a gel electrophoresis, DNA will migrate towards the ___ end because DNA has a ______ charge

positive, negative

what characteristic separates DNA fragments during gel electrophoresis

the length of the DNA fragment

gel electrophoresis is used to separate the fragments of DNA. The larger pieces of DNA will travel ____ the smaller fragments through the gel

slower than

scientists are able to produce millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence from a small amount of DNA through the process of

polymerase chain reaction

what property of DNA causes it to migrate to the positive pole of the electrophoresis apparatus

the negative charge of DNA

the smaller the DNA fragment, the

further it moves down the gel

in DNA profiling by gel electrophoresis, DNA is separated on the basis of

electrical charge

cytosine makes up 38% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be guanine

38%

nucleotide

what is found in DNA

phosphate group, deoxyribose, and nitrogenous base

DNA is a very large molecule made up of a long chain of repeating sub-units called

nucleotides

An examination of the body after death.

Autopsy

A document showing all the sources used to research information.

Bibliography

A written reference to a specific work.

Citation

The act of creating citations to identify resources used in writing a work.

Documentation

who is the person responsible for moving and cleaning the body

diener

what are the two types of autopsys?

-forensic: to define the cause and manner of death, and are often done to serve legal issues

-clinical: in order to provide scientists with greater information about pathology

medical examiner vs corner

-medical examiner: a licensed physician who specializes in forensic pathology.

-corner: an elected offical

a comprehensive set to standadrs and practice designed to give patients specific rights regarding their personal health information

health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPAA)

A physician who performs an autopsy when death may be accidental or violent.

Medical Examiner

two ring structure (adenine and guanine)

purine

One ring structure (Thymine and Cytosine)

Pryrimidine

what is an autopsy and how can it be used to determine the cause of death

is a systematic examination of the entire body to determine the manner & cause of death. It can be used on the external & internal surfaces of the body

how can the manner of death be determined

a pathologist studies the effects of disease, medical treatments & injury on the human body

difference between the manner and cause of death

cause of death- medical reason of death

manner of death- way to categorize the death as a homicide, accident, suicide, undetermined, or natural

why is confidentiality of patient information important

it provides the patient the best medical care and prevents discrimination of that patient

who should keep patient information confidential

the medical personal

is there ever a time when patient confidentiality should be broken?

yes, when the medical personal thinks the patient is not capable of taking care of his or her self or when the patient may be a danger to his or her self

what biomedical science professionals are involved in crime scene analysis and determination of manner of death?

-forensic pathologist

-blood spatter analyst

-forensic DNA analyst

-medical examiner/ coroner

integumentary system key structures

-skin

-hair

-nails

integumentary system function

forms the body's external covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; helps regulate body temperature

skeletal system key structures

-bones

-joints

skeletal system function

-protects and supports body organs -provides a framework the muscles can use to cause movement -stores minerals

muscular system key structures

-skeletal muscle

-cardiac muscle

-smooth muscle

muscular system function

moves the body and moves substances around the body; maintains posture; produces heat

nervous system key structures

-brain

-spinal cord

-sensory receptors

-nerves

nervous system function

responds to internal and external changes by activating an appropriate response; processes information

cardiovascular system key structures

-heart

-blood vessels

cardiovascular system functions

pumps blood around body; transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste

respiratory system key structures

-lungs

-nasal cavity

-trachea

-bronchus

respiratory system functions

assists with gas exchange with the external enviroment; keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

lymphatic and immune system key structures

-lymph nodes

-spleen

-thymus

-bone marrow

lymphatic and immune system functions

filters fluid in the body; mounts the attack against foreign substances in the body

digestive system key structures

-oral cavity

-esosphagus

-stomach

-small intestine

-large intestine

-live

digestive system function

breaks down food into its nutrient molecules; absorbs nutrients'rids the body of waste

urinary system key structures

-kidney

-bladder

-ureter/ urethra

urinary system function

eliminates waste from the body; regulates water balance of the blood

endocrine system key structures

-adrenal gland

-pituitary gland

-ovary

-tesitis