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Columbian Exchange
The exchange of diseases, ideas, food, crops, and populations between the New World (the Americas) and the Old World (Europe) following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
Encomienda system
A labor system that assigned a person a number of natives that would pay tribute to them in exchange for protection.
Longhouses
A wood structure 50-150 feet long shared by 2-20 families, with tribes subdivided into clans.
Corn/maize
A common crop used by the Eastern Woodlands Tribes (Iroquois Confederacy) and Southeast Tribes.
Triangle Trade
Arms, textiles, and wine were shipped from Europe to Africa, enslaved people from Africa to the Americas, and sugar and coffee from the Americas to Europe.
Middle Passage
The middle segment of the forced journey that slaves made from Africa to America throughout the 1600s; it consisted of the dangerous trip across the Atlantic Ocean; many slaves perished on this segment of the journey.
Iroquois Confederacy
A confederation of five (later six) distinct tribes who maintained a permanent peace and military alliance with each other. Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora.
Algonkians
One of three Native American language groups. Algonkian-speaking tribes were led by Powhatan, which included 28-32 small chiefdoms and tribes.
Great Plains "Indians"
Nomadic Native Americans who lived in teepees and traveled with the buffalo herds. Sioux (Lakota), Pawnee, Cheyenne, Crow, Blackfoot, Arapaho.
Cherokee
A "civilized" Southeast tribe. These tribes adopted a constitution, legal government, written language, and had slaves.
Seminole
A Southeast tribe noted for their resistance in the 19th century to those encroaching on their land.
Hurons
A member of a confederation of native North American peoples formerly living in the region east of Lake Huron and now settled mainly in Oklahoma and Quebec.
"Mourning Wars"
Iroquois would raid neighboring tribes to gain captives to replace those who died from disease.
Buffalo
An animal that was key to life on the Great Plains. Provided foo, shelter, clothing, and containers. Were respected and used in religious ceremonies.
Christopher Columbus
An explorer for Spain that landed on the Caribbean. His exploration led to sustained contact and exchange between the "old and new worlds."
Aztecs
Indigenous people dominant in Mexico before the Spanish conquest of the 16th century.
Incas
South American indigenous people living in the central Andes before the Spanish conquest.
French colonies
Gained colonies in Quebec, Louisiana, and islands in the Caribbean. Established fur trade posts in Montreal, Detroit, Ft. Duquene (Pittsburgh), St. Louis, New Orleans.
English colonies
Claimed 13 colonies, parts of Canada, and the Caribbean (Jamaica & Bahamas). St. Kitts, Nevis, Barbados - wealthy sugar plantation colonies. Jamestown, VA founded (Roanoke colony failed).
Spanish colonies
Conquered much of South and Central America, Caribbean, and Western US and Florida. St. Augustine, Fla.
Dutch colonies
NYC & Hudson River. New Netherlands turned into NY and NJ. Small islands in the Caribbean and Suriname in South America, as well as colonies in Indonesia and South Africa.
Bartolome de Las Casas
An early Spanish historian who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there.
Henry Hudson
An English navigator and explorer who set out to find a norther passage to Asia but instead sailed his ship up the Hudson River.
Pizarro
Conquered the Incan Empire.
Cortes
Conquered the Aztecs and claimed Mexico on behalf of Spain.
Columbus
If you need a definition for this You should just drop the class.
Slavery
If you need a definition for this You should just drop the class.
St. Augustine
City in Florida where Spain established the first lasting European post in North America in 1565.
Pueblo Rebellion
Pueblo Native Americans led by the Pope destroyed farms and killed colonists. The Spanish fled to Mexico City and Pueblo natives began openly practicing their religion and destroyed all symbols of Catholicism. The most completely victory of Native Americans over Europeans.
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther and Protestants protested aspects of the Catholic church such as corruption. Protestants: It's about beliefs, not actions.
Plantations
Large property or landholding dependent on the labor of enslaved people.
Sugarcane
The most valuable cash crop. Born in the Caribbean and Brazil and required lots of manual labor (slaves).
Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided territory between Portugal and Spain. Portugal got much of Africa and Brazil, while Spain got much of the Americas.
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The segment of global slave trade that transported various enslaved African people to the Americas.
Mercantilism
An economic policy that maximizes exports and minimizes imports for an economy. Colonies were required to both import to and export from the mother country.
Quebec
The first permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain.
Jacques Cartier
The first European to navigate the St. Lawrence River, and his explorations laid the basis for later French claims to North America. Cartier is also credited with naming Canada. He set out in search of gold, spices, and a northern passage to Asia but found none of them.
Dutch colonies
New Netherlands and New Amsterdam.
New York Revolt
New York slave rebellion of 1712, a violent insurrection of slaves in New York City that resulted in brutal executions and the enactment of harsher slave codes.
Smallpox
A deadly disease that Europeans brought to the New World. Killed off many Native Americans.
Roanoke
The first attempted English settlement. All settlers mysteriously disappeared.
John Smith
A captain/mercenary who was hired to maintain security. He explored and mapped the Chesapeake region.
Powhatan Wars
A series of three wars. First war: ended with a truce with Pocahontas' marriage to John Rolfe. Second war: Opechancanough (Powhatan's brother) launched a surprise attack on Jamestown. Third war: Forces under Opechancanough made one last attempt against Jamestown, The Native Americans were decimated.
Starving Time
The wubter if 1609-1610. With John Smith gone, the truce with Powhatan ended and the Native Americans prevented settlers from hunting and gathering. Resorts to eating animals, leather from shoes, and cannibalism.
Cecil Calvert
Lord Baltimore's son. A King confirmed a charter to him in 1632 and he started St. Mary's, Maryland.
Act of Toleration
An act that granted all Christians religious freedom in Maryland. Repealed during the 1654 Civil War.
Chesapeake Colonies
Maryland and Virginia.
Powhatan
The leader of more than 30 Algonqiuan-speaking tribes. Initially traded with the colonists before clashing with them.
Jamestown
The first successful English settlement in Virginia.
Metacom
Also known as King Phillip, a Wampanoag Native America. Started a war against colonists in New Hampshire.
House of Burgesses
The first elected representative assembly in the New World. An example of colonial self government. It had the power to collect taxes and make laws, but actions could be vetoed by the governor or the Virginia Company.
Bacon's Rebellion
Poor farmers and indentured servants were outraged after their right to vote was taken away once they moved to the frontier. Nathaniel Bacon convinced them to revolt after the Governor refused to defend them against Native American attacks and Bacon demanded the removal or death of all Native Americans.
Indentured Servants
Their voyage to the new world was paid for under the circumstances that they worked for whoever sponsored them for four-seven years. Considered and treated like property, but granted land after their term was finished.
Slavery
Treated like property and forced to work for their enslaver.
Tobacco
A cash crop in Virginia. John Rolfe found a better strain in the West Indies and brought it back to the colonies. Credited with saving Jamestown.
Rice
A cash crop grown along the water in Southern states such as NC, SC, and GA.
Roger Williams
Founded Rhode Island for religious freedom after being banished from Massachusetts for dissenting with the church,
Halfway Covenant
Change in regulations that allowed a person to be a "casual Puritan," because of a decline in the number of Puritans.
Plymouth
Founded by William Bradford, made up of Puritan Separatists escaping religious persecution.
John Winthrop
Puritan, not separatist, who founded the Massachusetts bay colony (different from Plymouth).
Providence
The capital of Rhode Island, founded on land that Roger Williams purchased from the Narragansett Indians.
Anne Hutchinson
Puritan who embraced religious freedom and was expelled from Massachusetts, so she ___
Bible Commonwealth
Nickname of Massachusetts colony, because its laws were based solely on the Bible.
Thomas Hooker
Founded Connecticut after leaving Massachusetts because he dissented with church leaders. He disagreed with the limitation of suffrage on a religious basis.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Founded by Pilgrims from England, and established as a center of center for fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding. Initially separate from Plymouth.
Mayflower Compact
First governing document of Plymouth, signed by male Puritans on the Mayflower. It was the base for the colony's laws.
Antinomianism
The idea that faith alone, and not good deeds, is necessary for salvation (different from Christianity).
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Established a representative government in Connecticut. Often considered the first constitution in the US.
King Philip's War
Wampanoags united with other Native tribes and fought against the New England settlers. In two years, thousands of people died and Native American resistance ended.
New England Confederation
Military alliance between Plymouth, Connecticut, New Haven, and Massachusetts to defend against Native American attacks.
Salem
Started by Thomas Dudley, located in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, so it wasn't as strict with Bible matters as Plymouth.
"City Upon A Hill"
Sermon John Winthrop gave about Boston being on a hill, expecting that it would shine and be a role model for all the other cities.
Puritans
Sect of Christianity that sought to separate Anglicanism from Protestantism.
Separatists
Protestants who sought to further the Protestant Revolution by completely destroying the Church of England.
Town meetings
Male, Puritan property owners who could vote gathered to discuss issues and govern.
Squanto
Native American who helped the Pilgrims survive winter, led to Thanksgiving
Pequot War
An armed conflict that took place between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of New England colonists and Native tribes (including the Mohegan).
Praying Towns
Settlements created by Puritans to convert Native populations.
Pilgrims
Puritan Separatists who escaped religious persecution from the Church of England by founding Plymouth.
John Winthrop
Led the Puritans to settle Massachusetts Bay Colony, with a charter from the King in order to expel all Puritans from England.
Great Migration
Period from 1620-1640, when masses of Puritans migrated from England to settle in Massachusetts.
Great Awakening
Change in religious philosophy because of decline in religious piety, which led to different sects of the church with different levels of involvement.
Enlightenment
Spread of the idea that God didn't create everything, and led to deism and embrace of scientific theories like Newton and Galileo.
Mercantilism
A system in which colonies can only export raw materials to the mother country, and the colonies then purchase finished goods from the mother country.
French & Indian War
Seven year war fought between the British and the French (and Indians). Began because of dispute over the Ohio River valley.
Trade & Navigation Acts
Series of laws designed to enforce mercantilism in the colonies. Included laws about production of goods, imports, and exports.
Treaty of Paris 1763
Ended the French and Indian War. French gave up all territories in Mainland N America.
John Peter Zenger case
George Whitefield
Methodist preacher who traveled, spreading Great Awakening ideas. Worked with Johnathan Edwards.
Log Colleges
Colleges founded as seminaries, later expanded into prestigious universities.
Jonathan Edwards
Congregational minister who worked with George Whitefield to expand the Great Awakening. Gave the sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."
Salutary Neglect
The English government set trade regulations and tariffs for the sake of mercantilism, but neglected to enforce them strictly.
Congregationalism
The belief that churches should be governed separately and should not be tied to a central figure like the Pope.
Role of Men v. Women in colonies
Women couldn't vote and were expected to stay home and watch the children. Men held jobs and positions of power, and usually married younger women.
Voting & Holding Office in colonies
Only White men who owned property could vote or hold office.
Labor In the colonies
In the Southern colonies, slave labor was predominant. In the Middle and New England colonies, some labor came from indentured servants, but much labor on yeoman farms was provided by the family.
Importance/Impact of Agriculture
Provided the economy of the Southern colonies, and was mostly for subsistence in the Middle colonies, and especially the New England colonies.
Which colonies traded & what did they trade?
New England colonies built ships and facilitated trade through shipping. Middle colonies had a mixed economy, and mainly traded wheat. Southern colonies traded cash crops like tobacco and cotton.
Religion in the Colonies
A lot of religious persecution, and divides especially between Christians and Protestants. Puritanism played a large role in the New England colonies.
Rice
A cash crop grown in Southern Colonies.
Note
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