HACC Bio - Unit 3 Ch 10-13 Review

First Defense Mechanisms

Barriers to entry of pathogens

Non-Specific Defence

Phagocytosis

Bacterial Infections

Pneumonia

Treatment for Bacterial Infections

Antibiotics

Characteristics of Viruses

Extremely small

Viral Diseases

Aids

Transmissibility

How easily a pathogen is passed from person to person

Functions of Lymphatic System

Maintenance of blood volume in cardiovascular system

Thymus Gland

Located behind sternum

Tonsils

Filter food and air entering the throat

Adenoids

Filter air

First Line of Defense Against Pathogens

Skin- an effective deterrent
Tears and Saliva- contain lysozyme
Ear wax-entraps organisms
Mucus-entraps microorganisms
Stomach: highly acidic

Second Line of Defense

Phagocytocic cells: white blood cell that surrounds and engulf invading bacteria.
Inflammation: Redness

Third Line of Defense

Immune response: Recognizes and targets specific pathogens

Antigen

Any substance that triggers an immune response

B lymphocytes

antibody-mediated immunity

Antibodies

Proteins made by B lymphocytes that bind with and neutralise specific antigens

Antibodies are active against

viruses

T Lymphocytes

cell-mediated immunity

B cells divide into two cell types

Memory Cells- store information for future immune responses
Plasma Cells- actively secrete antibodies which bind to antigen.

T cells

originate in stem cells of bone marrow

Helper T cells

Secrete cytokines

Cytotoxic T cells

Directly attack and destroy abnormal cells and foreign cells.

Memory T cells

Reactivate during later exposure

Primary immune response

First exposure to antigen

Characteristics of primary immune response

Lag time of 3-6 days for antibody production

Secondary immune response

Second exposure

Characteristics of secondary immune response

Lag time in hours

Immunisation

Strategy for causing the body to develop an immunity to a specific pathogen

Active immunisation

Intentionally expose someone to a form of the antigen that does not produce disease

Passive immunisation

Administer protective antibodies to an individual.

Antibiotics

Kill bacteria or inhibit growth

Allergies

Hypersensativity reactions

Alllergens

Any substance that causes an allergic reaction

endocrine glands

ductless glands that produce regulating hormones

hormones

carried by the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body

chemical signal

a means of communication between cells

Hypothalamus

regulates the internal environment through the autonomic nervous system

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

regulates water reabsorption by kidneys (H2O is returned to the bloodstream)

Oxytocin

stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth and milk release

ADH & oxytocin

produced in the hypothalamus by neurosecretory cells and are stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

Gonadotropic hormones

stimulate the gonads to produce gametes and hormones

Prolactin (PRL)

causes mammary glands to develop and produce milk

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

causes skin cells to produce melanin

Growth hormone (GH)

promotes skeletal and muscular growth

Thyroid gland

large gland located below the larynx

thyroxine

hormone that regulates metabolism

calcitonin

hormones that lowers blood calcium levels

Parathyroid glands

embedded in the lobes of the thyroid gland

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

raises blood calcium levels of the blood

Adrenal glands

sit on top of the kidneys

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

prepares the body for quick action. "fight or flight" / short-term response to stress

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

influences carbohydrate

Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

promotes renal absorption of Na+ and renal excretion of K+

Pancreas

lies transversely between the kidneys and near the duodenum

Insulin

lowers blood glucose levels of the blood

Glucagon

raises blood glucose levels of the blood

Diabetes

caused by the lack of insulin or by the inability of cells to take up glucose as they should

Type 1 Diabetes

pancreas is not producing insulin (High blood sugar

Type 2 Diabetes

inability of cells to respond to insulin (cells do not have enough insulin receptors). Most common type

Testes

produce testosterone

Ovaries

produce estrogen and progesterone

Thymus gland

lies behind the sternum

Secretes thymosin which stimulates T-cell lymphocyte development

large and most active in children

Pineal gland

located in the brain

Secretes melatonin which is involved in our daily sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythms)

melatonin also regulates sexual development

posterior pituitary

releases ADH and oxytocin produced by hypothalamus

anterior pituitary

releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

FIRST MESSANGER

Peptide hormone

second messanger

cyclic adenosine monophospate (cAMP)

circulatory system

Consists of the heart

blood

A specialized connective tissue that consists of specialized cells and cell fragments suspended in a watery solution of molecules and ions.

red blood cells (RBCs)

Transport oxygen to the body tissues

transport carbon dioxide away from tissues. Also called erythrocytes.

white blood cells (WBCs)

Defend the body against invading organism

platelets

Take part in blood clotting as part of the body's defense mechanisms. Derived from megakaryocytic

proteins

The largest group of solutes in plasma. Albumins maintain blood volume and transport electrolytes

hormones

Chemical messenger molecules that provide information needed to regulate specific body functions. Insulin

gases

Oxygen is needed for metabolism

carbon dioxide is a waste product metabolism. Both are dissolved in plasma as well as carried by RBCs.

nutrients and wastes

Transported by blood throughout the body. Glucose

hemoglobins

Oxygen-binding proteins in the blood that carry oxygen and sometimes carbon dioxide

stem cells

Cells found in red bone marrow that produce red blood cels.

macrophages

Large cells in the liver and spleen that surround

phagocytosis

The process of macrophages surrounding

neutrophils

The most abundant type of granular leukocyte (WBC)(accounts for about 60% of WBCs)

eosinophils

Relatively small group of granular leukocytes (WBCs) (2-4%) that a) defend the body against large parasite such as worms (too large to engulf

basophils

The rarest granular leukocytes (WBCs) (0.5%) (named for tendency to stain readily with basic blue stains). The granules in basophils contain histamine which initiates an inflammatory response (swelling

monocytes

Agranular leukocytes that are the largest WBCs and filter out of the bloodstream and take up residence in body tissues.

lymphocytes

Agranular leukocytes that make up about 30% of circulating WBCs and are found in the bloodstream

antigen

A nonself cell protein that stimulates the immune system of an organism to defend the organism.

antibody

An opposing protein produced by the immune system to combat antigens.

Rh factor

A type of red blood cell surface antigen.

mononucleosis

A contagious viral infection in blood and lymph tissues caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. Called mononucleosis because it makes the lymphocytes enlarge to resemble the monocytes.

anemia

A general term for reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

What is the Human Circulatory System?

It consists of the heart

What are Arteries?

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

What are Veins?

Blood vessels that carry blood to and towards the heart.