Unit 4 Vocab #2

Internal boundaries

create boundaries between countries

are used at the subnational scaleto divide countries into smaller units.

Census

determine federal and state funding for planning and providing services and building/maintaining infrastructure.

Reapportionment

process in which US house of representatives are re-allocated in different states, based off of population change

Redistricting

states internal political boundaries that determine voting districts for the US house of representatives and the state legislature. Redrawn to accurately reflect the new census data.

Cracking

dispersing like minded voters among multiple districts in order to minimize their impact and prevent them from gaining a majority.

Packing

clustering like minded voters in a single district, thereby allowing the other party to win the remaining districts.

stacking

diluting a minority-populated district with majority populations.

Ethnic cleansing

state governments attack an ethnic group in an attempt to try to eliminate them through expulsion, imprisonment, or mass murder.

terrorism

organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets intended to create fear in order to accomplish political aims

Most commonly utilized by non-government groups with no army in order to achieve recognition or power.

Voting district

a geographic term used by state and local governments to organize elections

gerrymandering

redistricting for a political advantage when the political party that controls a majority of seats in the state legislature draws political district boundaries to maintain or extend their political power

unitary state

most or all of the governing power is held by the national government

NATO

To provide mutual defense of member states

30; US Canada, Iceland, most countries in western and central Europe, and Turkey

Federal state     

unites separate political entities into an overachieving system that allows each entity to maintain some degree and sovereignty.

Autonomous regions

have their own local and legislative bodies to govern a region with a population that is an ethnic minority within the entire country.

Balkanization

the fragmentation of a state or region into smaller, often hostile units along ethno-linguistic lines.

irredentism

a type of expansionism when one country seeks to annex territory where it has cultural ties part of the population or historical claims to the land.

supranationalism

the practice of multiple countries forming an organization for the benefit of all members.

USMCA

To stimulate free trade among members

3; US, Mexico, Canada

WTO

One of the largest and most influential supranational organization.

Is to have countries agree to a set of fair and nondiscriminatory guidelines for international trade

OPEC

To coordinate and unify its members petroleum policies in order to stabilize oil markets

Trade agreements

designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs, quotas, and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services between them

military alliances

organizations of countries who agree to help each other militarily if attacked by another country.

United Nations       

To promote peace, security and human rights

193: most countries of the world and two others as non-member observer states

Supranationalism

The practice of multiple countries forming an organization for the benefit of all members

 European Union   

To promote peace, security and human rights

193: most countries of the world and two others as non-member observer states.

ASEAN

To advance economic growth, peace, social progress, and cultural and economic development in the region

10: countries from SE Asia

African Union       

To advocate peace, security, and stability on the continent through greater cooperation, economic development, and global integration

Failed state    

a state whose political or economic system has become so weak that the government is no longer in control

centrifugal

characteristics that divide a country and create instability, conflict, violence

centripetal

characteristics that unify a country and provide stability