GSCE Crime and Punishment 1900-TODAY

c.1900-present day

What were changes to society in the 20th century?

World Wars, Living Standards, Reporting and recording crimes and Technology

What were new crimes in Modern Britain?

Hate crimes, Terrorism and Conscientious Objection

What was the impact of Cars on Crime?

Cars have led to more offences like theft and dangerous driving

What was the impact of Computers on Crime?

Changing approach to criminal activity and fraud

What was the impact of Technology on Smuggling?

Tobacco and alcohol are smuggled because they are cheaper in other areas and air travel has made crime easier to do but harder to detect.

What impact has Smuggling had on Crime?

People smuggling leading to more and more immigrants not being allowed to enter.

What are ways that Punishment has changed?

Support for police officers, Identifying crime suspects and Response to crime?

What is new support for police officers?

Two-way radio enable communication in 1930s and Pepper Spray/CS gas is used in serious situations

What are methods of Identifying crime suspects?

CCTV and Fingerprint testing in 1901

What are changes to Law Enforcement?

Neighbourhood Watches, Training, Women, Data bases and Specialised police units

What are Specialised police units?

Highly trained officer focus on specific areas of criminal activity.

What are databases, 1974?

A central database for fingerprints, vehicle registrations and missing persons accessible 24/7

When did women join the Police force?

1920

What is Training for police officers?

From 1947, officers have 14 weeks of training and then training locally.

What is Neighbourhood Watches?

Modern version of Hue and Cry that since 1982 assist reporting crime and vigilance towards suspicious behaviour.

What were changing natures towards Prisons?

1900s saw the slowing of hard labour and 1922 solitary confinement was ended

What was the problem of understaffing?

Rising prison population led to need for change

What are Open prisons?

In 1933, minor prisoners and well-behaved prisoners at the end of their time worked in the day and returned in the evening.

What were suspended sentences?

First-time offenders would not be incarcerated unless they committed another crime.

What was community service?

Since 1972, offenders were required to do 40-300 hours of unpaid work

What is Tracking offenders?

Electronic tag in 1990 let court and police track offenders and put in place curfews.

How has Juvenile Crime changed from Victorian Britain?

Victorian were harsh and treated them exactly like adults with imprisonment and hard labour.

What are borstals?

Similar to extremely strict boarding schools that encourage reform established in 1902

What are Juvenile Detention Centres?

Replaced borstals in 1982 offering short, sharp shock to youths

What was the effect of Juvenile Detention Centres?

The strict discipline lead to increased re-offending rates

What is the current attitude towards juvenile crime?

Parents are fined and Youth Courts aim to prevent young people heading into crime

When did public execution end?

1968 but was used in prisons until 1965

What was the effect of WW2 on the death penalty?

Increased feeling that it was un-Christian and barbaric. Declaration in 1948 said everyone had a right to life.

When was the death penalty used?

Murder of police officer/ by shooting/explosion/while resisting arrest/whilst theft and serial

How was the Death penalty abolished?

5-year trail implemented in 1965 except of treason and piracy, and completely abolished in 1998

Why did people want the Death penalty?

Greatest deterrent, life imprisonment was costly, could kill again and proved severity of the crime

Why did people not want the Death penalty?

Wrongful execution like Derek Bentley and Timothy Evans, murders were commonly spur of the moment and un-Christian like beliefs.

What were conscientious Objectors?

People who objected to being drafted in WW1 due to moral/religious grounds.

How many Conscientious Objectors were there during WW1

16000

How were conscientious objectors punished?

Special tribunals eventually placed in prisons for hard labour and long sentences.

What happened to Conscientious Objectors in WW2?

They were placed in alternative non-combat roles to fight in the war like munitions industry

Who was Derek Bentley?

Man who was executed after being involved in theft gone wrong that killed police officer, he had learning difficulties.

When was Bentley sentenced?

1953

Why was Derek imprisonned?

He was an adult and Craig was too young to be executed and ‘Let him have it’ could have been referring to shooting PC Miles and not handing the weapon

Why was his death a controversy?

Unfair trial due to his learning difficulties, public outcry and not having shot PC Miles