microbio unit 2 memorization

LUCA

last universal common ancestor

O2 TO O3

ocone shield generated

cyanobacteria

earliest oxygen producing organisms

endosymbiosis

hypothesis for origin or eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chlorplasts arose from symbitoic association of prokaryotes within another type of cell

mutation

change in nucleotide sequence of an organisms genome

evolution occurs by

mutations, horizontal gene transder, gene duplication, gene loss, genetic drift, recombination, natural selection

evolution

change in allele frequencies in a population of organism over timw

phylogeny

evolutionary history of a group of organism that is indirectly inferred from nucleotide sequence data

molecular clocks (chronometers)

are tools that estimate the time of evolutionary events based on the mutation rates of genes

phylogenetic tree

a diagram that depicts the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in their physical and/or genetic characteristics.

branch length

the number of changes that have occured along the branch

whole genome sequences analyses

is the process of analyzing the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome to identify genetic variations, evolutionary relationships, and functional implications

phylogenetic diversity

evolutionary relationships between organisms, can be defined on basis of genes or organisms, commonly defined by ribosomal RNA phylogeny

functional diversity

form and fucntion as related to micrbial physiology and ecology; the variety of different biological functions or roles that species or populations play in an ecosystem, reflecting how they interact with their environment and contribute to ecosystem processes.

gene loss

trait in a common ancestor is lost

convergent evolution

trait has evolved independently in two or more lineanfes and is not encoded by homolgous genes

horizontal gene transfer

genes that code for a trait are homologous and have been exchanged between distantly related lineages

physiological diversity

functions and activities in terms of metabolism and biochemistry

ecological diversity

relationships between organisms and their environment

morphological diversity

relationships associated with outward appearance; shape and structures often have ecological significane

prochlorococcus

a genus of marine cyanobacteria known for its role in oceanic primary production and adaptation to low light conditions, chroococcales

trichodesmium

a genus of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria important for nutrient cycling in oceanic environments, oscillatoriales

oscillatoria

a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria known for its role in water quality and as an indicator of environmental health. They often form blooms in nutrient-rich waters. oscillatorialles

anabaena

nostocales

hormogonia

short, motile filaments that break off to facilitate dispersal under stress

akinetes

resting structures with thickened outwer walls that protect the organism from darkness, desiccation, or cold

cyanophycin

nitrogen storage product

proteobacteria

largest and most diverse phylum in bacteria, all gram negative

classes of proteobacteria

Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma, Epsilon, Zeta

anoxygenic

no oxygen produced

purple sulfur bacteria (gamma-proteobacteria)

uses H2S as electron donor

purple non-sulfur bacteria

alpha or beta, most grow photoheterotrophically, light is energy source organic compounds are carbon source

purple phototrophic bactera

anoxygenic photosynthesis, no o2 produced

nitrification

oxidation of ammonia to nitrate

ammonia oxidizers

nitrosococcus, gamma y-prot.

nitrite oxidizer

nitrobacter, aplha a-prot

nitrifying bacteria

vital role in waste water treatment

beggiatoa (gamma y-prot.)

filamentous, gliding bacteria, found in habitats rich in H2S

hydrogen-oxidixing bacteria (ralstonia, paracoccus)

most grow autotrophically, hydrogenase enzymes bind H2, produce ATP or for reducing electrons for autotrophic growth

Ralstonia

B-prot

Pseudomonas

y-prot

paracoccus

a-prot

myxobacteria

microbial predators, life cycle results in formation of multicellular structures (fruitng bodies)

Vibrio

bioluminescence

Aliivibrio

bioluminescence

V, fischeri

a bioluminescent, Gram-negative marine bacterium that can be found free living

Psuedomonas

y-prot., nutritionally versatile, have a role in biodegradation of xenobiotics

P. aeurginosa

a human opportunistic pathogen, common nosocomial infection agent, resistant to many common antibiotics

acetic acid bacteria, acetobacter

a-prot., carry out incomplete oxidaztion of alcohols and sugars as starting substrates, aerobic motile rodes

Neisseria

gram negative, cocci

N. gonorrhoeae

B prot., causes gonorrhoea, gram negative cocci

acinetobacter

y-prot., common soil and water organism, can cause nosocomial infection

nosocomial

hospital originated

Enteric Bacteria

all gamma-proteobacteria, motile or non-motile, nonsporulating rods, faculative organisms (fermentation or aerobic respiration)

mixed acid fermentator or 2,3-butanediol fermentators

ferment sugars to a variety of end products

Escherichia

enterobacteriaceae, universal inhabitats of intestinal tract of humans and warmed blooded animals, ex: E. coli

Salmonella and Shigella

enterobacteriaceae, usually pathogenic to humans

Proteus

enterobacteriaceae, rapidly motile cells, capable of swimming

Serratia

enterobacteriaceae, closely related to butanediol fermentators

V. Cholerae

pathogenic, cholera

V. parahaemolyticus

diarrhea, shellfish poisoning

V. Vulnificus

sepsis from ingestion, wound infection

psuedomonas

aerobic, motile, oxidase positive, cannot ferment, gram negative rod organism

enterobacteriaceae

faculative, fermentative, may be motile, oxidase negative, gram negative rod organisms

vibriio

facultative, fermentative, oxidase positive, most are motile, gram negative rod organisms

campylobacter

epsilonproteobacteria, gram neg motile spirilla

helicobacter

epsilonproteobacteria, gram neg motile spirilla

C. jejuni

species of campylobacter, common cause of gastroenteritis

H. pylori

species of helicobacter, causes stomach ulcers

Staphylococcus

catalase positive, nonsporulating gram-positive bacterica (firmicutes), resistant to reduced water potential and high salinity

Staphylococcus aureus

pathogen, pimples, boils, pneumonia, meningitis, MRSA nosocomial infections

S. aureus

distinguished on ability to ferment mannitol to acid - mannitol salt agar

lactic acid bacteria

no oxidative phorsphorylation/respiratory chain; substrate level phosphorylation only, aerotolerant anaerobes; nonsporulating gram-positive bacterica (firmicutes)

Streptococcus, group a

common cause of strep throat, nonsporulating gram-positive bacterica (firmicutes)

streptococcus pneumoniae

a-hemolytic doplococci can cause upper respiratory infections and pneumoniae, nonsporulating gram-positive bacterica (firmicutes)

enterococcus

genera of fecal origin (water quality indicator in marine waters), nonsporulating gram-positive bacterica (firmicutes)

lactobacillus

rod shaped, resistant to acidic conditions, nonsporulating gram-positive bacterica (firmicutes), common in dairy products

listeria

coccobacilli, nonsporulating gram-positive bacterica (firmicutes), full oxic or microoxic conditions needed for growth

L. monocytogenes

causes listeriosis - foodborne illness in preppared foods like ham, hot dogs, cheese, nonsporulating gram-positive bacterica (firmicutes)

endospore forming gram positive bacteria (Firmicutes)

generally found in soils, bacillus and clostridium

baccilus

many produce extracellular hydrolutic enzymes that break down polymers, many produce antibiotics

B. anthracis

pathogenic Bacillus, endospore forming gram positive bacteria (Firmicutes)

Clostridium

lack a respiratory chain - only does substrate-level phosphorylation(fermentation), endospore forming gram positive bacteria (Firmicutes)

stickland reactions

performed by some clostridia, metabolism of pair of amino acirds and often responsible for putrefaction, important for N2 fixation in soils

C. botulinum

pathogenic clostridia causes botulism, toxin producing

C. tetani

pathogenic clostridia causes tetanus, toxin producing

C. perfringens

pathogenic clostridia causes gangrene, toxin producing

mycoplasma

lack cell walls, gram positive, missing sterols a key component of peptidoglycan

M, pneumoniae

atypical pnemonia cause

Actinobacteria

usually aerobic, mostly harmless commensals, some valuable for antibiotics and certain fermented dairy products

Propionic acid bacteria

type of actinobacteria, gram positive anaerobes, first discovered in swiss cheese and cause acne; perform secondary fermentation

secondary fermentation

obtain energy from fermentation products produced by other bacteria, performed by propionic acid bacteria

mycobacterium

rod-shaped, exhibit acid-fastness, type of actinobacteria, considered gram pos., high surface lipid content, cell wall-less

M. tuberculosis

exhibits cord-like growth, “cord factor” virulence factor leading to cord like growth (glycolipid in cell wall)

Streptomyces

filamentous, gram pos. actinobacteria

conidia

streptomyces spores

streptomyces

50% of all isolated produce antibiotics

geosmins

earthy odor of soil

Chlamydia

obligately parasitic with poor metabolic capacities, intracellus parasites

C. trachomatis

type of chlamydia, causes trachoma - eye disease and clamydia STD